ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review.

ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review. Macromolecules: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose ● Structural function: cellulose and chitin ● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen ● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water ● H and C and main components ● Fats ● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments ● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose) Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds ● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types) ● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein ● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes) ● Function as transport carries or signal transfer Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA ● DNA stores genetic material ● Chromosomes ● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions ● Not consumed in reaction ● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy ● Exergonic: release energy ● Endergonic: require energy ● Energy is supplied and released as ATP ● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site) DNA and RNA DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins ● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA ● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine ● Purines: Adenine and Guanine ● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine ● Codon: Agroup of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION) ● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak. o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine ● Double Helix structure ● Coded or read 5'→3' ● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen atoms) DNA Replication DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands in 5'→3' direction Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections o Anaphase o Telophase o Cytokinesis ● Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact replica o Interphase (G1, S, G2) o Prophase o Metaphase Cell Cycle ● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding o Only happens in gametes* o 1st phase ● chromosomes cross over ● genetic material exchanged ● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed □ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles □2 cells go through 2nd cell division □ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes ● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell ● Zygote- controls cell differentiation Tissues ¾ groups of cells ¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective 1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin 2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph □Protects & binds body parts a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support i. Fibrous b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones & defends against disease c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells 3. Muscle: Support & move body a. Smooth b. Cardiac c. Skeletal