Pathophysiology Final (HESI), Exam preview questions and answers. 100% comprehension.

when maintained well, maintains skin and mucous membranes and is also essential in reducing host susceptibility - nutrition pts with advanced cancer are often ____ - malnourished involves the administration of a nutrient mixture directly into a peripheral vein - total parenteral nutrition asymptomatic disease with mild discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation and flatulence which can be excused for other reasons - diverticulosis during acute episodes, food intake should be reduced along with antimicrobial drugs taken as needed; treated by increasing the bulk in the diet, omitting foods such as seeds or popcorn, and encouraging regular bowel movements without constipation - diverticulosis includes the pituitary gland, the two adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, the four parathyroid glands, the endocrine portion of the pancreas, the gonads, the pineal gland, and the thymus - endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, in contrast to exocrine glands that secrete into a duct - endocrine glands chemical messengers that affect blood glucose levels, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone - hormones develops more frequently in patients with Type 2 diabetes; often the patient is an older person with an infection or one who has overindulged in carbs, thereby using more insulin than anticipated - HHNC condition may be difficult to diagnose initially; severe cellular dehydration results in neurologic deficits, muscle weakness, difficulties with speech, and abnormal reflexes - HHNC hyperglycemia and dehydration develop because of the relative insulin deficit, but sufficient insulin is available to prevent ketoacidosis - HHNC #1 nursing intervention with a patient who has HHNC is: - maintain a patent airway! low __ ___ is a risk factor for osteoporosis - bone mass have higher risk for osteoporosis - women 2 most critical stages of life in which osteoporosis can develop - children and elderly osteoporosis is common in older individuals, especially ____ women with ___ deficiency - postmenopausal, estrogen activity is less effective with advancing age - osteoblastic activity decreased ____, ____ factors, ___ deficits, low vitamin ___, or low ___ are all factors of osteoporosis - mobility, hormonal, calcium, D, protein excessive ___ intake is a contributor to osteoporosis - caffeine positive results of a pregnancy test are based on the presence of this - hCG some pregnancy tests can detect pregnancy as early as: - the first day following a missed period a second pregnancy test is recommended within a ___ if the first test is negative - week this kind of pregnancy test should be performed if it is ectopic - serum pregnancy test this level is expected to double about every 48 hours in a normal pregnancy; if failed to double, the pregnancy may be ectopic - beta- hCG administered to newborns to prevent hemorrhagic disorders - vitamin K the sterile gut of a newborn lacks intestinal bacteria necessary for the synthesis of this vitamin - vitamin K required for the production of clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen - Vitamin K results from fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, constriction of the pericardium by tumor, or pericarditis secondary to radiation therapy to the chest - cardiac tamponade manifestations include heavy feelings over the chest, shortness of breath, tachycardia, cough, dysphagia, hiccups, hoarseness, nausea, vomiting, excessive perspiration, decreased level of consciousness, pulses paradoxes, distant or muted heart sounds, and extreme anxiety, neck vein distension - cardiac tamponade a medical emergency; pericardiocentesis with surgical repair as appropriate is needed (16-18 gauge needle inserted into pericardial space to relieve pressure and analyze fluid) - cardiac tamponade states that, to a point, the more myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater their force of contraction - Frank Starling's Law is increased with exercise - HDL levels the "good" lipoprotein; has a low lipid content and is used to transport cholesterol AWAY from the peripheral cells to the liver, where it undergoes catabolism and excretion - HDL protects women until after menopause - HDL decreases HDL levels - smoking indicative of angina pectoris; condition in which the heart has outgrown its blood supply - hypertrophy right ventricular hypertrophy occurs in this condition - Tetralogy of Fallot can lead to ventricular hypertrophy; - afterload, hypertension an increase in the muscle mass and cardiac wall thickness in response to overwork and strain; occurs slowly because it takes time for increased muscle tissues to develop; generally follows persistent or chronic dilation and thus further increases the contractile power of the muscle fibers - hypertrophy will lead to an increase in CO and maintenance of tissue perfusion - hypertrophy