HEALTH INFORMATICS 2ND EDITION, TEST BANK

HEALTH INFORMATICS 2ND EDITION, TEST BANK HEALTH INFORMATICS 2ND EDITION, TEST BANK 1 Chapter 1: Introduction: The Evolution of Health Informatics Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The historical roots of computer science can be traced to: a. language development, especially English. b. mathematics and engineering. c. library science. d. medicine and nursing. ANS: B The historical roots of computer science can be traced back to mathematics and engineering. The historical roots of information science began in library science. Language development and medicine and nursing are not the roots of computer science. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 3 2. The historical roots of information science can be traced to: a. language development, especially English. b. mathematics and engineering. c. library science. d. medicine and nursing. ANS: C The historical roots of information science began in library science. The historical roots of computer science can be traced back to mathematics and engineering. Language development and medicine and nursing are not the roots of information science. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 3-4 3. The first book to include the term nursing informatics in the title was written in the: a. 1960s. b. 1970s. c. 1980s. d. 1990s. ANS: C The first book to include the term nursing informatics in the title was published in 1988. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 6 4. As knowledge develops and expands within a discipline, which information source will include the oldest but best organized representation of that knowledge? a. Conference presentations b. Conference proceedings c. Journal articles d. Books ANS: D 2 The information source that includes the oldest but best organized representation of knowledge is books. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 5 5. Which technical development created a tension between centralized and decentralized computer management in healthcare? a. The development of punch cards b. The elimination of punch cards c. The development of the mainframe computer d. The development of the personal computer ANS: D The development of the personal computer created tension between centralized and decentralized computer management in healthcare. The other responses highlight aspects of decentralized computer management. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 3 6. Which of the following is not a member organization but rather a group of organizations? a. AMIA b. HIMSS c. AHIMA d. ANI ANS: D The Alliance for Nursing Informatics (ANI) is an organization of organizations. This is not a member group. AMIA, HIMSS, and AHIMA are all member groups. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 7 7. Which statement concerning educational programs in health informatics is correct? a. All health informatics programs are offered at the graduate level. b. Informatics programs offered by medical schools always require students to have earned an MD for admission. c. All health informatics programs are located within health-related departments or schools such as nursing, medicine, or pharmacy. d. Health informatics programs range from certificate programs offered at the community college level to post-doctoral programs offered at major research institutions. ANS: D The correct response is health informatics programs range from certificate programs offered at the community college level to post-doctoral programs offered at major research institutions. Not all informatics programs require an MD, are at the graduate level, or are located within schools of health sciences. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: pp. 9-10 8. Which statement related to certification in health informatics is correct? a. A master’s in nursing is required to sit for the NI examination offered by ANCC. 3 b. To be certified in clinical informatics in association with AMIA, one must first be a physician. c. There are no specific educational requirements for CPHIMS certification through HIMSS, but three years of full-time clinical experience in health IT is required. d. To be certified as CPHIMS, you must be a nurse. ANS: B To be certified in clinical informatics in association with AMIA, one must first be a physician. You do not need to have an MSN to sit for the NI exam by the ANCC. There are specific requirements for CPHIMS, but being a nurse is not one of them. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 11 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 9. The term informatics is derived from: (Select all that apply.) a. Dutch. b. English. c. Russian. d. Arabic. e. French. ANS: B, C, E The term informatics was derived from the following languages: English, Russian, and French. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 4 10. When the AMIA model is used, which subfields are categorized as clinical informatics? (Select all that apply.) a. Medical informatics b. Nursing informatics c. Dental informatics d. Chemical informatics e. Business informatics ANS: A, B, C When the AMIA model is used, the following disciplines are categorized as clinical informatics: medical informatics, nursing informatics, and dental informatics. The other responses are not clinically related. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 14 4 Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations of Health Informatics Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the primary difference between an open and closed system? a. An open system has no boundary, and therefore there are no limits to the inputs and outputs between an open system and the environment. b. An open system has a semipermeable boundary and therefore will filter both inputs and outputs when interacting with the environment. c. A closed system has a semipermeable boundary and therefore will filter both inputs and outputs when interacting with the environment. d. A closed system does not have a boundary and therefore will not interact with the environment. ANS: B With an open system the boundary is semipermeable, thereby controlling what will be accepted as input and what will be permitted to leave the system. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 20 2. The primary characteristics used to analyze an open system include: a. structure, purpose, and functions. b. sub-system, target system, and super-system. c. boundary, attributes, and environment. d. hierarchical, web, and hybrid. ANS: A Using these three characteristics, one can determine why the system exists, what functions it performs to achieve its purpose, and how it is structured to achieve its purpose. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 20 3. A change made to any aspect of an open system, whether it is a health care system or a computer system, will produce change in other aspects of that same system. As a result, any change can produce unintended consequences. This process is called: a. dynamic homeostasis. b. semi-planned change. c. negentropy. d. reverberation. ANS: D Change within any part of the system will be reflected across the total system through a process termed reverberation. Reverberation is reflected in the intended and unintended consequences of system change. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 23 4. Chaotic systems are in a constant state of change. This degree or scope of change that can occur has been described as the butterfly effect. The butterfly effect refers to: 5 a. a minor change in input can create a major change in output, or a major change in input can result in minor changes in output. b. a major change in input will create a major change in output, and a minor change in input will create minor changes in output. c. a minor change in input can create a minor change in output; however, a major change in input will result in minor changes in output. d. a minor change in input may create a major change in output; however, a major change in input will create a major change in output. ANS: A Chaotic systems are dynamic systems with reiterative feedback loops. A minor change in input can create a major change in output. This is often described as the butterfly effect. A butterfly’s flapping wings in California can over time become a hurricane in New York. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 24 5. Which statement describes the measurement of information as defined by the Shannon and Weaver model? a. The amount of information is measured by the amount of data in the message. b. The amount of information is measured by the number of meanings that can be assigned to a message. c. The amount of information is measured by the extent the message decreases entropy. d. The amount of information is measured by the number of characters used to create the message. ANS: C By decreasing entropy one decreases uncertainty. If a coin is thrown into the air, it may land on either of two possible sides, heads up or tails up. Once it lands, the other side of the coin can be determined. The options are coded zero (0) and one (1) and are the basis for building computer code. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: pp. 25-26 6. The number 190 is an example of: a. data. b. information. c. knowledge. d. wisdom. ANS: A The number 190 could refer to anything such as a person’s weight, blood glucose level, or systolic blood pressure reading and therefore has no meaning by itself. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 26 7. Knowing when and how to use knowledge is referred to as: a. procedural knowledge. b. cognitive knowledge. c. decision support system. d. wisdom. ANS: D 6 Wisdom is defined as the appropriate use of knowledge in managing or solving human problems. It is knowing when and how to use knowledge in managing patient need(s) or problem(s). DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: pp. 26-27 8. Which concepts are used to describe the different types of learning outcomes and can be used to write learning objectives? a. Input, throughput, and output b. Adult learning theories, constructionist theories, and learning styles c. Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor d. Short, intermediate, and long-term memory ANS: C Learning is defined as an increase in knowledge, a change in attitude or values, or the development of new skills. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 30-31 9. Which group will test out new technology but are not usually seen as leaders within an organization? a. Innovators b. Early adopters c. Early majority d. Late majority ANS: A Innovators will test out a new technology; however, they are too far ahead of the social group to be seen as leaders by other members of the social system. Early adopters are seen as much more discreet in their selection of new technology and are therefore better at selling a new technology to a group of potential users. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 33 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 10. The systems life cycle (SLC) is a guide for informatics projects. Typical phases of the SLC include (select all that apply): a. implementation. b. planning. c. evaluation. d. security. e. diagnosis. ANS: A, B, C According to published reports, the SLC contains between 3 and 7 stages. The three that are common in each of these reports are implementation, planning, and evaluation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 35 7 Chapter 3: Evidence-Based Practice and Informatics Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Knowledge is the point of convergence across the areas of: a. evidence-based practice, quality assurance, and informatics. b. evidence-based practice, improvement, and informatics. c. evidence-based practice, quality assurance, and improvement. d. improvement, quality assurance, and informatics. ANS: B Knowledge is the point of convergence across the areas of evidence-based practice, informatics, and improvement. None of the other answers include all of these aspects. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 42 2. Which two hurdles does the STAR Model address in employing evidence-based practice? a. The volume and form of knowledge b. The quality and form of knowledge c. The volume and outcomes of knowledge d. The adequacy and form of knowledge ANS: A The STAR Model addresses two major hurdles in employing evidence-based practice (EBP). These two hurdles are the volume of current professional knowledge and the form of knowledge that healthcare professionals attempt to apply in practice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: pp. 43-44 3. What is the form of knowledge in discovery research? a. Single research studies b. Meta-synthesis c. Systematic review d. Meta-analysis ANS: A Discovery research represents knowledge produced in the form of single research studies. The other three choices represent synthesis of multiple studies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 44 4. Which type of review is considered the most rigorous? a. Literature reviews b. Systematic reviews c. Integrative reviews d. Single study reviews ANS: B 8 Evidence summaries include evidence synthesis, systematic reviews, integrative reviews, and reviews of the literature, with systematic reviews being the most rigorous approach to evidence summary. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: pp. 44-45 5. A facility calls in experts to review evidence developed in research and develop guidelines for clinical practice. Which stage of EBP is represented? a. Evidence summary b. Translation to guidelines c. Practice integration d. Evaluation of process and outcomes ANS: B In the third stage of EBP, translation, experts are called on to consider the evidence summary, fill in gaps with consensus expert opinion, and merge research knowledge with expertise to produce clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 46-47 6. Which indicators have been established for healthcare improvement and for public reporting? a. Quality indicators b. Efficiency indicators c. Cost indicators d. Longevity indicators ANS: A Evaluation of specific outcomes has risen to a high level of public interest. As a result, quality indicators are being established for health improvement and public reporting. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 50 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 7. The goal of the intersection of informatics and evidence-based practice is to transform healthcare to be: (select all that apply.) a. reliable. b. safe. c. effective. d. efficient. ANS: A, B, C The field of informatics and the concept of evidence-based practice (EBP) intersect at the crucial junction of knowledge for clinical decisions with the goal of transforming healthcare to be reliable, safe, and effective. While efficiency is always a goal in healthcare, it is not a primary goal of EBP. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 40 8. Which of the following are evidence summaries: (select all that apply.) a. Literature reviews 9