HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-CHRISJAY FILES (1)

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A&P FILES ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. Skin responsible for finger prints? Dermal papillase Markel cells Amectors pili Sudoriferous gland 2. What type of synovia joint is the elbow? Pivot Hinge Ball and socket Toddle 3. Where is blood produced in infants after birth? Heart chamber Red bone marrow 4. What structure is a ball and socket joint? Elbow Ankle Shoulder Knee 5. What are macromolecules genetic code carried on? Nucleotide Chromosomes DNA RNA 6. What cavity of heart has the thickest wall? Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle 7. What are like cells grouped together called? Membrane System Organ Tissue 8. Which type of skin cancer can be recognized in lesion character based on the ABCD rule? Melanoma Basal cell caranoma Sarcoma Square all carcua 9. What contributes phagocytes in white blood cells? ER Lysosomes Vocuole Golgi appearance 10. Which organ is part of male reproductive system and urinary system? Epididermis Ureter Testis Urethra 11. Which structure regulates the transport substances in and out of the cell? Cell membrane Cell’s cytoplasma Nucleus membrane Cell plasma 12. What is function of thrombocytes? Blood clot 13. Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification? Flat bone 70. Where does digestive begin in digesive system? Small interestine Oral cavity Asophagus Sternum 14. Urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs are found in which cavity? Pelvic Abdominal Thoracic Pleaure 15. Which anatomic structure houses the malleus, inus, and staples? Ear 16. Anaerobic respiratory can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecules? 18. What do cerumnous gland secretes? Ear wax Keratin Mucos Oily sebum 19. Which muscle of quadriceps famous group lies on the side surface of lower extremity? Vastus legs Gastrucremn Anterior tibia Rectus femur 20. Which structure is located on sternum? Xiphoid bone Sesamaid bone Hyoid bone Ossicafied 17. Anaerobic respiratory can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecules? Creatine-phosphate ADP ATP Lactin acid ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS 1. List the body planes. 2. Define section. 3. Define sagittal section. 4. Define frontal section. 5. Define cross section. 6. What is the anatomic position? 7. What are the terms of direction? 8. Define the terms of direction. 9. Define proximal. 10. Define distal. 11. What is histology? The study of tissues 12. Define tissue. 13. What are the four fundamental tissues? 14. Define the four tissues. 15. What is the largest organ of the body? skin 16. What are the two layers of the skin? Dermis, epidermis 17. Define the layers. 18. Define melanin. 19. What does the body framework consist of? 20. What are the functions of the skeletal system? 21. Name the types of bones. 22. What are osteoblasts? 23. How many bones does the axial skeleton consist of? 24. What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? 25. What must be present for a muscle cell to contract? 26. What type of muscles make up the muscular system? 27. What does the nervous system consist of? 28. What are the two parts of the nervous system? 29. List and define the major parts of the brain? 30. What is the function of the endocrine system? 31. Define hormones. 32. What does whole blood consist of? 33. What is the smallest artery? 34. Where is respiration controlled? 35. What is the function of the respiratory system? 36. What is the alimentary canal? 37. What does the digestive system consist of? 38. Define bolus. 39. Define chime. 40. What are the parts of the urinary system? 41. What is the function of the kidneys? 42. What is the function of the ureters? 43. What does the urinary bladder do? 44. What is the function of the urethra? Empty urine 45. What are the male sex organs? testes 46. What are the female sex organs? ovaries 47. What is the function of the male and female sex organs? Produce hormones C. D. growth hormone glucocorticoids 2. A. B. C. D. Which structure controls the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland? hypothalamus adrenal gland testes pancreas 3. How much of a female’s blood volume is composed of red blood cells? A. 10% B. 25% C. 40% D. 70% 4. A. B. C. D. Which type of cholesterol is considered to be the best for health? LDL HDL VLDL VHDL 5. Where are the vocal cords located? Anatomy and Physiology 1. Which of the following hormones decreases the concentration of blood glucose? A. insulin B. glucagon A. bronchi B. trachea C. larynx D. epiglottis 6. Where does gas exchange occur in the human body? A. alveoli B. bronchi C. larynx D. pharynx 7. What mineral is responsible for muscle contractions? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Magnesium 8. In which of the following locations would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found? A. Thoracic cavity B. Mediastinum C. Abdominal cavity D. Pelvic cavity 9. What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? A. Diaphragm B. Mediastinum C. Liver D. Lungs D. Simple columnar epithelium—secretion or absorption 11. A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on internal surface of stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells tall and thin, no blood vessels in the tissue. What type of tissue is this? A. B. C. D. E. Epithelial Connective Muscle Cartilage Nervous 12. Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as which of the following? A. B. C. D. Osteoblasts Neuroglia Osteocytes Arterioles 13. Which tissue serves as the framework of the body by providing support and structure for the organs? A. B. C. D. Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle 10. Which of the following epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function? A. Simple squamous epithelium—secretion or absorption B. Stratified squamous epithelium—changes shape when stretched C. Stratified squamous epithelium—diffusion 14. What is the basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs? A. Atom B. Organelle C. Cell D. DNA 15. What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli called? A. External respiration B. Internal respiration C. Inhalation D. Cellular respiration 16. In order for inhalation to occur, what must happen? A. Contraction of the diaphragm, which decreases the volume of the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs B. Contraction of the diaphragm, which enlarges the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs C. Recoil of the lungs as the respiratory muscles contract, and the thorax decreases in size D. Recoil of the lungs as the respiratory muscles relax, and the thorax decreases in size 17. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood does which of the following? A. It is carried in solution or bound to blood proteins. B. It is carried on hemoglobin. C. It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells. D. It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within the plasma. 18. How does the trachea remain open like a hollow tube? A. Air pressure inside keeps it open. B. Supporting cartilaginous rings keep it open. C. It is reinforced with bone that cannot collapse. D. Special muscles are working to keep the trachea open. 19. The stomach muscle churns and mixes food, turning the mass into a soupy substance called which of the following? A. Bolus B. Bile C. Chyme D. Feces 20. Which type of cell division takes place in the gonads? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Binary fission D. Asexual division 21. In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? A. Back of the hand B. Heel of the foot C. Abdomen D. Over the shin 22. Which of the following proteins is produced by cartilage? A. actin B. estrogen C. collagen D. myosin 23. Which component of the nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate? A. central nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. distal nervous system 24. Which type of substance breaks down to form urea? A. lipid B. protein C. carbohydrate D. iron 25. What is the name for a joint that can only move in two directions? A. hinge B. insertion C. ball and socket D. flange 26. In which of the following muscle types are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner? A. cardiac B. smooth C. skeletal D. rough 27. What are the glands of skin that produce a thin, watery secretion? A. Sebaceous glands B. Eccrine glands C. Apocrine glands D. Endocrine glands 28. Skin aids in maintaining the calcium and phosphate levels of the body by participating in the production of which of the following? A. Sebum D. Adipose tissue B. C. D. Keratin Vitamin A Vitamin D 29. A. B. C. D. Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply.) Support the body Hemopoiesis Conduct impulses Provide protection 30. The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What is he describing? A. B. C. D. Epiphysis Articular cartilage Perichondrium Diaphysis 31. You have been given a sample of tissue that has open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needlelike structures. What is the tissue? A. B. C. Spongy bone Compact bone Cartilage 32. The heart has an intrinsic beat that is initiated by which of the following? A. Semilunar valve B. Bicuspid valve C. Tricuspid valve D. Sinoatrial node 33. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction result from which of the following? A. Contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall B. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial wall C. Relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall D. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the venous wall 34. Which of the following is the blood vessel where exchanges take place between blood and the cells of the body? A. Artery B. Vein C. Capillary D. Arteriole 35. What is the function of aldosterone? A. It converts proinsulin to insulin. B. It conserves sodium in the body. C. It protects against stress. D. It affects heat production. 36. All the nutrients that enter the hepatic portal vein are routed where for decontamination? A. Kidney B. Pancreas C. Spleen B. C. D. Zygomatic Lacrimal Mandible 38. A. B. C. D. Which mineral is responsible for regulating fluid in the body? Chloride Sodium Calcium Magnesium 39. A. B. C. D. Why are skeletal muscles also called voluntary muscles? They are under conscious control. They are attached to the skeleton. They use ATP to energize contraction. They are striated in appearance. 40. All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following? A. B. C. D. Neuroglia Efferent pathways Afferent pathways Neurons D. Liver 37. Which of the following bones is the only moveable bone of the skull? A. Maxilla 41. Motor or neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS. A. Afferent B. Efferent C. Central D. Peripheral 42. Jeffery has contracted bulbar poliomyelitis, and it has affected the medulla oblongata. The doctors warned the family that his condition is grave and death may be imminent. What functions of the medulla oblongata have warranted such a dire prognosis? A. The medulla oblongata contains vital centers that control heart action, blood vessel diameter, and respiration. B. The medulla oblongata contains neural connections of the reticular-activating system. C. The medulla oblongata contains the pineal gland, which controls the vital centers. D. The medulla oblongata contains the corpora quadrigemina, which controls the neural transmission of impulses along the spinal cord. 43. What are chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and the metabolism of specific target cells called? A. Hormones B. Neurons C. Glands D. Second messengers 44. Which of the following are tropic hormones? (Select all that apply.) A. Somatotropin B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 45. Which leukocytes are correctly matched with their function or description? (Select all that apply.) A. Monocytes—become macrophages B. Basophils—the most common type of WBC C. Lymphocytes—important in immune response D. Neutrophils—phagocytize microorganisms 46. Which are the functional units of the kidney? A. Ureters B. Glomeruli C. Nephrons D. Renal capsules 47. What are the two functions of the male and female sex organs? A. Production of all cells and production of hormones B. Production of interstitial cells and production of hormones C. Production of gametes and production of hormones D. Production of gametes and production of interstitial cells 48. In men, spermatozoa develop within the of each testis. A. Seminiferous tubules B. Vas deferens C. Ejaculatory ducts D. Bulbourethral glands 49. Testicular activity is under the control of which hormone(s)? A. FSH B. LH C. GH D. Both FSH and LH 50. Which hormone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy? A. FSH B. Estrogen C. LH D. Progesterone 51. During pregnancy, what organ produces the hormones that maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk production? A. Placenta B. Uterus C. Cervix D. Corpus luteum 52. What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the airway? A. trachea B. esophagus C. diaphragm D. epiglottis 53. Which substance makes up the pads that provide support between the vertebrae? A. bone B. cartilage C. tendon D. fat 54. How many different types of tissue are there in the human body? A. four B. six C. eight D. ten 55. What is the name of the outermost layer of skin? A. dermis B. epidermis C. subcutaneous tissue D. hypodermis 56. Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts during lactation? A. norepinephrine B. antidiuretic hormone C. prolactin D. oxytocin 57. Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure? A. arteries B. arteriole C. venule D. vein 58. Which of the heart chambers is the most muscular? A. left atrium B. right atrium C. left ventricle D. right ventricle 59. Which part of the brain interprets sensory information? A. cerebrum B. hindbrain C. cerebellum D. medulla oblongata 60. How much air does an adult inhale in an average breath? A. 500 mL B. 750 mL C. 1000 mL D. 1250 mL 61. Which type of cell secretes antibodies? A. bacterial cell B. viral cell C. lymph cell D. plasma cells 62. Which force motivates filtration in the kidneys? A. osmosis B. smooth muscle contraction C. peristalsis D. blood pressure 63. Which structure of the nervous system carries action potential in the direction of a synapse? A. cell body B. axon C. neuron D. myelin D. brain 65. What is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood? A. B. C. D. osmosis diffusion dissipation reverse osmosis 64. Where is the parathyroid gland located? A. neck B. back C. side ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. The pulse point located behind the knee is palpated over which artery? Popliteal 2. Part of the body Facing forwardAnterior 3. ……ABCD of cancer? Melanoma {The most dangerous form of skin cancer} 4. Which of the following statements best describe endocrine glands? They secrete chemicals into the blood 5. Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system & the urinary system? Urethra 6. Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecule? Lactic acid 7. When assessing a female client who describes herself as a vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has an unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten large amount of: Carrot and squash 8. Which hand position describes an anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward? Palms of the hand facing anteriorly 9. What are like cells grouped together called? A tissue 10. What type of synovial joint is the elbow? Hinge 11. Which structure is a ball and socket joint? Shoulder 12. What are fingerprints made of? Friction Ridges 13. What are like cells grouped together called? Tissue 14. Which is the largest chamber of the heart? Left Ventricle 15. Membrane that lines body cavities that open the exterior of the body is Mucous membrane (inside of the body cavity- serous membrane) 16. Which muscle of the quadriceps femoris group lies on the slide surface of the lower extremity? Vastus lateralis 17. Which structure is located on the sternum? Xiphoid process 18. What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? Increased Cardiac output 19. Where does digestion begin in the digestive system? Oral cavity/Mouth 20. Which cell structure regulates the transportation of substances in and out the cell? Cell membrane 21. The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes are located in which part of the body? Ear 22. What is the function of the thrombocytes (platelets)? Play role in blood clotting 23. What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in the nephrons when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted? Water is reabsorbed from the urinary filtrate 24. What is the function of Golgi body/apparatus in the human cell? Process protein secretion. synthesize carbs and glycoproteins 25. 4 steps in Bone formation: Hematoma (inflammation) -callus formation-ossification- remodeling. 26. Which lobe of the brain is responsible for auditory functioning? Temporal lobe 27. When water molecules move across cell membrane from high to low concentration this process is called? Osmosis 28. Facilitates the recognition of genetic code on macromolecules? DNA 29. What plane divides the body from left to right? Sagittal plane 30. Aqueous humor is watery fluid in which part of the body? Eye A&P Version 1 and 2-MIX 1. What are the chemical substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid when an acid or a base is added to it? Buffer 2. What do T-lymphocytes do? Defend the body against microbes 3. Which structure produces T-lymphocytes? Thymus 4. Which structure produces B-lymphocytes? Red bone marrow 5. What is the function of Eustachian tube? Equilibrates pressure between the middle ear and external environment 6. What physiological response occurs when epinephrine and non-ephedrineBlood is directed toward the heart, skeletal muscles and brain. 7. Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory system? Pharynx(throat). It includes nose (nostrils), nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx (voice box). 8. The structure in the lower RS includes: Trachea, primary bronchi and lungs. 9. Calcaneus is located in what part of the body? Foot 10. Dorsiflexion plantar flexion are types of joint movement that are associated with which part of the body? Foot 11. A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreased sensation in which area? Arm – inability to abduct hands and fingers 12. The ankle is distal to the knee 13. Posterior means what part of the body? The back 14. Which bones are located in the forearm? Ulna and Radius 15. Which bone dose not articulate with any other bone? Hyoid – is a U-shape bone in the neck that supports the tongue 16. Which of the following elements is necessary for muscle contraction? Calcium 17. Diet is important because bone are storage places for? Calcium and phosphorous 18. What female reproductive organ produces oocytes, estrogen, progesterone? Ovaries 19. Which layer of the cutaneous membrane are nerve ending locatedDermis {Where is the nerve ending close to the skin? Dermis} 20. Which bones are formed first by intramembrous ossification? Flat bones of skull 21. Ligaments provides with connection? Bone to bone (Tendon -muscle to bone) 22. Sprain occurs when there is a tear in which structure? Ligament muscle/ankle/shoulder 23. Why are tendons and ligament most likely to be slow in healing following an injury? Lack of blood supply/because these connective tissues are avascular. 24. Compact tissue with Haversian canals is classified as what type of tissue? Bone 25. What structure conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? (The tube between kidney and urinary bladder) Ureter 26. As part of the negative feedback system, which type of cell is stimulated to resorb bone matrix in response to a decrease in calcium in the blood? Osteoclasts 27. Sweat on the skin's surface cools the body through which process? Evaporation he amount of water in the body 28. A Client has large pituitary tumor. The nurse knows that this tumor exists in which part of the body? Head /Client has large pituitary tumor what part of the body does this effect? Head hurt, sickness, low blood pressure 29. Which anatomical structure houses the malleus, incus, and stapes? Skull ear 30. Ceruminous glands secrete Ear wax/ Cerumen 31. What is the function of the Sebaceous gland? To produce sebum or oil 32. The nurse explains to a client that the stomach is lined by which type of membrane? Mucous {The respiratory system is lined with a mucous membrane that secret mucus} 33. The mediastinum is located within which cavity? Thoracic 34. What effects do serotonin has on neurotransmitters? Involved with mood, sleep, appetite and anxiety 35. What does antidiuretic hormone act on? Helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels. /Regulates and balances t 36. The occipital region is located in which part of the body? Head (at the back)/ lower part of the cranium 37. In white blood cells what contributes to phagocytosis? Macrophages, neutrophils 38. Thrombocytes (platelets) smallest type of blood cell important for blood clotting. When bleeding occurs it swell, clump together and form sticky plug that helps stop the bleeding. 39. Which blood element carries oxygenErythrocytes (Red blood cells) 40. Which structure carries oxygen to the cells? 41. Blood cell formation – Hemopoiesis {Blood cells is also called hematopoietic cell, hemocyte or hematocyte. The three main types of blood cells are Platelets (thrombocytes), Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and White blood cells (leukocytes) - basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocytes and monocytes}. 42. Which gland is commonly known as the "Master Gland"? Pituitary Gland 43. What epidermal derivative is involved in temperature homeostasis? Eccrine gland- regulates temperature 44. Which statement are true about bone? Osteoblast, epiphyseal, diaphysis. 45. What internal structure of the ear is concerned with hearing? Cochlea 46. Which structure of the gastrointestinal tract controls the movement of content from small intestine to the large intestine? Ileocecal valve 47. What are the divisional regions of the large intestine (colon)? Cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon. (cecum-ascending-transverse-descending-sigmoid colons) 48. Where in the human body are nutrients absorbed? Small intestine (Small intestine is made up of three segment – Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum). 49. Ossification begins during what? Embryonic development 50. Fertilization occurs in the? Oviduct 51. Fertilization of an ovum occurs in which anatomical structure? Fallopian tubes 52. Which term is used to describe the waist bones/area? Carpal 53. An over-production of cerumen (earwax) can accumulate in which area? Hemoglobin External ear canals 54. The mitral value is located between which two structures? Left ventricle & Left atrium (Tricuspid – right ventricle and right atrium) 55. The olfactory nerves are associate in which sense? Smell 56. Which of the special senses respond to chemical? Taste and olfaction 57. Which vessel brings blood from the lungs to the heart? Pulmonary vein 58. What vessel carries blood from the body to the heart? Vena cava 59. Which hormone(s) is/are produced by the ovaries? Estrogen & progesterone (Men – Estrogen and testosterone) 60. Two principles divisions that makeup nervous system? Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 61. The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the distal region of the humerus. What area is he describing? Epiphysis 62. Which term is used to describe movement of the arms and legs away from midline of the body? Abduction- arm away from the body (Adduction- arm towards the body’s midline) 63. Which part of the body do you check for carotid pulse- Carotid Artery. Structure provides a pulse reading in the neck? Carotid Artery 64. What is the primary function of the hemoglobin (blood)? Carry oxygen 65. What stimulates the chemoreceptors to function? rise in CO2; Fall in O2 (increase in blood pressure) 66. Which condition causes a client to say "I can't see far away"? Nearsightedness 67. What organ produces insulin? Pancreas 68. When drawing blood from antecubital region which blood vessel is used to obtain blood? a) Ulnar vein b) Radial artery c) Axillary artery d) Brachial vein (Median cubital) 69. What hormone induces growth of pubic and axillary hair at puberty? Testosterone and estrogen 70. Increase in rate of depth of breath results in what blood PH change? Alkalosis 71. What is the function of the hypothalamus? (Regulate body temperature) Regulate function of body, balance and thermoregulatory 72. The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentrated gradient or from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration is called Diffusion / Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure 73. Transverse plane is a cross section of the body. Coronal – separates back and front} 74. What part of the body is the lower back? Lumbar vertebrae 75. High levels of which ion would most likely result in a cardiac arrest? Potassium 76. What blood vessel perfuses the kidney? Renal vein 77. The skin is the largest organ of the body. What gives the skin its color? Melanin 78. What is the outer most protective layer of the skin? Epidermis (the inner layer of the skin is dermis- composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles and glands) 79. The organ of corti is located in? Ear 80. The rough endoplasmic reticulum functions in the human cell to? Synthesize proteins Function of rough ER- protein synthesis, membrane production. Smooth ER synthesize lipids and steroids, regulate calcium concentration 81. Tissue repair is enhanced by a diet high in? Protein 82. What is the definition of chyme? Partly digested food! The result of action by the stomach. (the thick, wet mass of partly digested food that leaves the stomach) 83. What are hormones? Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that controls or coordinates the activities of other tissues. 84. What cellular process helps to move debris and mucous through the lining of tubules? Cilia (An epithelial cell that other goes circle of movement is cilia) 85. Which is a hollow organ? Gall bladder (heart, stomach) 86. Which muscle is included in the quadriceps femoris group? Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius 87. Which of the following location would the urinary bladder & internal reproductive organ be found? Pelvic region/cavity 88. Which part of the brain attaches to spinal cord? Medulla oblongata 89. Which structure is responsible for normal respiratory function? Medulla oblongata – it controls breathing Cerebrum – associated with movement and sensory input Cerebellum- responsible for muscle / muscular co-ordination Medulla oblongata- controls many vital functions such as respiration and heartbeat/rate. 90. T4 is controlled by what? Thyroid 91. What gland is located on the anterior surface of the trachea? Thyroid Gland 92. Function of ADH - reabsorption of water 93. Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland? ADH and Oxytocin 94. Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland? Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) {also includes – TSH, LH, ACTH, Growth Hormone and PRL} 95. What female hormone stimulate the development of Graafian follicles? FSH 96. What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulation is increased? Blood pressure rises, goose bumps 97. What part of the body is the buttock- dorsal. / The buttock is on which surface of the body? Posterior body surface 98. The esophagus is located in which body cavity? Thoracic 99. The tympanic membrane is located between which structures? External auditory canal and middle ear (tympanic membrane -ear drum, it is a thin membrane that separates the outer (external) ear from the middle ear) 100. What is the end result of meiosis? 23 chromosomes {Mitosis – cell division that produces two identical daughters (process in which DNA is duplicated); Mitosis is necessary for growth and repair/ Meiosis - cell division that takes place in the gonads (the ovaries and testes), chromosomes number reduces from 4623}. 101. How many days is the average menstrual cycle? 28 days 102. Urinary system in the human body primary task is to? Expel waste 103. What is the function of the phrenic nerve? Innervates the diaphragm The phrenic nerve (cervical plexus) is a nerve that originates in the neck (C3-C5) and passes down between the lung and the heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing, as it passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it, there are two phrenic nerves, a left and a right one. 104. What does vitamin D do to the skin? Vitamin D contributes to skin cell growth, repair, and metabolism. It optimizes the skin’s immune system and help destroy free radicals that can cause premature aging. Vitamin D regulates two important bone materials- calcium and phosphorous, which stimulates internal absorption of Ca and P to maintain healthy blood levels and build and maintain bone. Biological function of vitamin D- calcium balance, immunomodulation, regulate cell-growth, and reduces hypertension by downregulating renin production. 105. Which of the following produce progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy? Corpus luteum 106. Which antibodies are found in the plasma of type A blood? Anti B 107. Which antibodies are found in the plasma of type AB blood? Neither A or B 108. What encloses the heart? Pericardium 109. Where is the tibialis anterior muscle located? Lower leg (Largest bone of the leg- Tibia, smallest bone of the leg- Fibula) 110. How many carb per gram do carbohydrates contain? 4 111. Where is the pulmonary ossification center located? Diaphysis 112. Which of the following best describes a capillary? 113. Which one increases angle at the joint? Extensor 114. What are the four basic tissue types? Connective, Epithelium, Nervous, Muscle. 115. Order of organization of living things: Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere 116. What is the function of aldosterone in the kidneys, when it is secreted? Location for gas and nutrient exchange (nutrients and gas exchange occur in the capillaries, not veins or arteries) It conserves sodium in the body 117. What does lymphatic system do? Filter lymph, remove debris. Function of lymph nodes- They filter lymph and assist the immune system in building an immune response. Lymph is a clear fluid that comes from blood plasma and exits blood vessels at capillary beds. 118. What structure of the eye picks out color? Retina 119. What is the transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye? Cornea 120. The basic unit of life and the building block of tissue/organismCell 121. The study of tissues/cells – Histology 122. What characteristic best describe dermis? Structure and strength 123. Osteoblast – Cells that form compact bone 124. Broken humerus adolescent: classified as a Proximal fracture or a shaft fracture. 125. The enzymes that regulates all chemical reactions within the body – Proteins 126. Hormones are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells. Two types- Steroid hormone and Protein hormone The main production of endocrine gland is hormones 127. Causes of ear infection in children? It is the length of the Eustachian tube. (Kids have shorter Eustachian tube). 128. Herpes is a viral infection usually characterized by? Skin eruption / Sign of Herpes? Rash 129. Function of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles? 131. Sensory neurons (afferent) transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS {spinal cord and brain}, Motor (efferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses away from d CNS towards the organs such as muscles, glands, &digestive organs. PNS- all other neurons in d body. 132. Axons transmit the impulse away from the cell body, while dendrites transmit the impulse towards the cell body. 133. What part of the male reproduction produce most of the semen? Seminal Vesicle 134. Produce most of the spermSeminiferous Tubules 135. It is very cold… shivering? What muscle is involved? Skeletal muscle Warm and moisten air before it enters the lungs 130. Which subdivision of autonomic nervous system operates using the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine? Sympathetic Nervous System ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. Anatomic position The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward 2. Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory? Pharynx 3. A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreases sensation in Arm 4. Which bone dose not articulate with any other bone? Hyoid 5. Which of the following statements best describe endocrine glands? They secrete chemicals into the blood 6. Diet is important because bone are storage places for Calcium and phosphorous 7. Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system? Urethra 8. Red blood cell production is known as which of the following? A. Hematopoiesis B. Erythropoiesis C. Phagocytosis D. Thrombopoiesis 9. When an individual is under stress, hormones are released. Which of the following is not one of the locations in which hormones are released when under stress? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenal cortex C. Posterior pituitary D. Hypothalamus 10. The central nervous system is made up of all except which of the following? A. Brain A. Thymus B. Pituitary gland C. Pineal gland D. Hypothalamus 12. What is the most visible part of the ear? A. Pinna B. Organ of Corti C. Cochlea D. Ear canal 13. Which of the following is an organ of the respiratory system? A. Brain B. Larynx C. Urethra D. Pancreas 14. The motor cortex helps the brain by monitoring and controlling the body's movement. Where is the motor cortex located within the brain? A. Top, middle portion of the parietal lobe. B. Back of the head C. Front portion of the parietal lobe. D. Around the auditory cortex 15. The heart contains four chambers. Which of these four chambers is the largest and the strongest? A. Left ventricle B. Left atrium B. Heart C. Retina D. Spinal cord 11. The thyrotrophic-releasing growth hormone-releasing, and gonadotropin-releasing hormones are released by which of the following endocrine system glands? C. Right ventricle D. Right atrium 16. Which of the following organs is involved with the immune system? A. Heart B. Bronchi C. Appendix D. Esophagus 17. Which of the following is not a principal organ of the nervous system? A. Brian B. Thymus C. Ganglia D. Spinal cord 18. Where do the endocrine system and the nervous system meet? A. At the pituitary gland and the pineal gland B. At the hypothalamus and pituitary gland C. At the pineal gland D. At the thyroid gland 19. The pancreas is an endocrine system gland mainly responsible for which of the following? A. Proper bone development B. Metabolism control C. Maintaining healthy sugar levels D. Distribution of stored fat. 20. The stomach lining membrane name? The mucous membrane of the stomach contains simple columnar epithelium tissue with many exocrine cells. 21. skin aids in maintaining the calcium and phophate levels of the body by participating in the production of which of the following vitamin d 22. all action of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following? neurons 23. which hormone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy estrogen 24. which female reproductive organ's produce oocytes, estrogen and progesterone ovaries 25. the buttocks is on which surface the body dorsal 26. the esophagus is located at which body cavity thoracic 27. which is a hollow organ gallbladder 28. which muscle is included in the quadriceps femoris group vastus lateralis 29. what occur when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? cardiac output 30. which hormone is produce by the posterior pituitary gland oxytocin 31. which structure regulat the transport of substance in and out of a cell the cellular membrane 32. a person who damages to their ulnar nerve will have decrease sesutior in which area arm 33. when assessing a female client who describes herself as a vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has an unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten large amount of: carrot and squash 34. which structure produces B-lymphocytes Red bone marrow 35. how many days is the avarage menstrul cycle 14 36. where in the human body are nutrients absorbed small intestines 37. The central nervous system is made up of all except which of the following? heart 38. The motor cortex helps the brain by monitoring and controlling the body's movement. Where is the motor cortex located within the brain? top, the middle portion of the parietal lobe. 39. The heart contains four chambers. Which of these four chambers is the largest and the strongest? Left ventricle appendix 40. Which of the following is not a principal organ of the nervous system? thymus 41. The pancreas is an endocrine system gland mainly responsible for which of the following? maintain healthy blood sugar level 42. Tough elastic tissues found in the joints that connect bones to bones are called: ligament 43. What mineral is responsible for muscle contractions? calcium 44. Where can the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found? pelvic cavity 45. Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as which of the following? neuroglia 46. Which tissue serves as the framework of the body by providing support and structure for the organs? connective tissue 47. What are the glands of skin that produce a thin, watery secretion eccrine glands 48. You have been given a sample of tissue that has open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle like structures. What is this tissue? spongy bone 49. Which mineral is responsible for regulating fluid in the body? sodium 50. Motor or neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS. efferent 51. What are chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and the metabolism of specific target cells called? hormones 52. Which blood vessel where exchanges take place between blood and the cells of the body? capillary 53. The stomach muscle churns and mixes food, turning the mass into a soupy substance called what? chyme 54. All the nutrients that enter the hepatic portal vein are routed where for decontamination? liver 55. In men, spermatozoa develop within the of each testis Seminiferous tubules 56. During pregnancy, what organ produces the hormones that maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk production? placenta 57. Gland whose secretion is oily- a mixture of oily substances and cell fragments sabasious 58. Sweat gland whose secretion is s primarily water and salts plus contains protein and fatty subsatances apocrine 59. Smooth muscle structure in the skin arrrector pilli 60. What type of joint is the elbow hinge 61. What type of joint is the hip and shoulder ball and socket 62. what are the two most abundant minerals stored in bones extracellular matrix calcium and phosphate 63. The most abundant glial cells found in the CNS that anchor neurons to capillaries and help control the environment around neurons astrocytes 64. What does the adrenal medulla secrete? Epinephrine and norepinephrine 65. Which skin cancer is the most dangerous? malignant melanoma -becaus it matastisizes(spreads) -Cancer of the melanocytes 66. Which skin cancer is moderatly dangerous? squamous cell carcinom -arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 67. Which skin cancer is least dangerous? basal cell carcinoma -doesnt spread 68. What is the only artery in the body to carry oxygen-poor blood? pulmonary artery 69. Chocolate cysts of the ovaries are attributed to . endometriosis 70. tendons connect muscle to bone 71. Where is interstitial fluid found in the body? in the tissues around cells 72. Which lobe of the brain is associated with judgement, planning, impulse control, and social behavior? frontal 73. What does lipase do? It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. 74. In what area of the body would you expect to find and especially thick stratum corneum? Heel of the foot 75. What two things must be present for a muscle cell to contract? Calcium & adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 76. the esophagus is located at which body cavity a) ventral b) abdominal c) thoracic 77. What is the response of CF cell in the collecting tubules in the nephrons when antiduretic hormone (ADH) is secreted? Water is reabsorbed from the urinary filtration? 78. what is the function of ADH hormone Regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water the kidneys reabsorb 79. which muscle is included in tue quadriceps femoris group a) trapezius b) vastuslateralis c) gastrocnemious d) rectus abdominus 80. the calcaneous is located in whih part of the body the leg 81. Where is the tympanic membrane located? external auditorium canal and tympanic cavity 82. Fats are broken down in the small intestine using which enzyme(s)? Fats also known as lipids are broken down using lipase produced by the pancreas and bile produced by the liver but transferred to the small intestine through the bile duct. 83. What is the only artery to carry oxygen-poor blood? Pulmonic Artery 84. What do ligaments connect? Bone to Bone 85. Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular? Avascular 86. Which of the following describes the primary function of the respiratory system? A) to create sound and speech D) to act as a barrier between the body's organs and outside influences 87. Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method? A) construct a hypothesis B) make observations C) analyze data D) form a question 88. The process of organisms with an advantageous trait surviving more often and producing more offspring than organisms without the advantageous trait describes which of the following basic mechanisms? A) gene flow B) genetic drift C) mutation D) natural selection 89. Which of the following is the group of basophils that produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone? B) to take oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxide C) to transport nutrients to the cells and tissue of the body A) gonadotrophs B) thyotroph C) chromophil D) pituicytes A) left atrium 90. Which of the following are considered the basic units of the female reproductive system, each containing a single immature egg cell that is released during ovulation? A) oocytes B) follicles C) ovaries D) fundus 91. Which of the following describes the muscular organ that processes food material into increasingly smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva to create a bolus, and creates a barrier to transport food into the esophagus? A) pharynx B) tongue C) diaphragm D) stomach 92. Which of the following chambers of the heart receives blood returning from the lungs during pulmonary circulation? B) right atrium C) left ventricle D) right ventricle C) neither reliable or valid 93. Which of the following is the lobe in the cerebral cortex primarily responsible for processing and integrating sensory information received from the rest of the body? A) frontal lobe B) occipital lobe C) parietal lobe 94. Which of the following is an example of adaptive, or specific, immunity? A) inflammation B) fever C) humoral D) phagocytosis 95. Which of the following describes a situation in which research results are consistent with every subsequent experiment, but the test used in the experiment does not measure what it claims to measure? A) reliable, but not valid B) valid, but not reliable A) law of segregation B) law of dominance C) D) law of predictive traits 97. Which of the following describes how atomic radius varies across the periodic table? A) atomic radius increases from top to bottom and left to right on the periodic table B) atomic radius increases from top to bottom and right to left on the periodic table C) atomic radius increases from top to bottom and toward the halogens on the periodic table D) atomic radius increases from top to bottom and toward the noble gases on the periodic table 98. Which of the following is NOT a tissue layer found in skeletal bones? A) periosteum B) bone marrow law of independent assortment both reliable and valid 96. Which of the following Mendellian laws describes how pairs of alleles within genes separate and recombine separately from other genes? C) enamel D) A) atrioventricular valves B) semilunar valves C) tricuspid valves D) bicuspid valves 100. Bone is composed primarily of which of the following inorganic materials? A) calcium B) magnesium C) collagen D) potassium 101. Which of the following is the primary physical barrier the body uses to prevent infection? A) mucus membranes B) stomach acid C) skin D) cancellous bone 99. Which of the following sets of valves is primarily responsible for preventing blood flow from major blood vessels to the heart? D) urine B) tendon C) nicotinic receptors D) neuromuscular junctions 103. Which of the following is the region of the brain that controls and regulates autonomic functions such as respiration, digestion, and heart rate? A) cerebellum B) medulla oblongata C) temporal lobe D) cerebral cortex 104. Which of the following describes the primary function of the pyloric sphincter? to regulate the movement of digested food material from the stomach to the duodenum B) to neutralize stomach acid to prevent food materials and stomach acid from leaking into other bodily tissues D) to begin the process of chemical digestion 102. Which of the following is the connective area where nerve impulses send neurotransmitters across a synapse to a muscle cell to stimulate musclecontraction? A) sarcomere A) C) 105. Which of the following is the location of fertilization in the females? A) uterus B) fallopian tube C) endometrium A) carbohydrates D) fimbriae 106. The pineal gland is located in which of the following areas in the body? A) below the larynx B) above the kidney C) at the center of the brain hemispheres D) at the base of the brain 107. Which of the following processes aids scientists in observing a population sample in order to answer questions about the whole population? A) univariate analysis B) inferential statistics C) descriptive statistics D) probability 108. Which of the following biological macromolecules is non-soluble, composed of hydrocarbons, and acts as an important source of energy storage for the body? B) nucleic acids C) lipids D) proteins B) surface lining cells 109. Which of the following is specialized tissue in the right atrium that acts as the heart's natural pacemaker by generating the electrical signal for the heartbeat? A) sinus venosus B) sinoatrial node C) atrioventricular node D) septa 110. Which of the following is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system? A) ganglion B) dendrite C) cranial nerve D) pons 111. Which of the following is the primary cell found in the tract of the small intestine? A) surface absorptive cells C) parietal cells D) hepatocytes 112. Which of the following describes the general function of cytokines in the immune system? A) they communicate between cells to instigate an immune response B) they inhibit blood clotting during inflammation responses C) they bind to specific pathogens to increase pathogen mass D) they transport pathogens trapped in mucus to be destroyed in the stomach 113. Which of the following describes the path through which air moves during inhalation? A) mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli B) bronchioles > alveoli > bronchi > larynx > pharynx > lungs C) mouth/nose > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lungs > trachea D) alveoli > bronchioles > lungs > bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx > mouth/nose 114. Which of the following is not a function of progesterone in the female reproductive system? pregnancy D) inhibition of contractions of the uterus as the ovum is released 115. Which of the following layers of skin acts as an energy reserve by storing adipocytes and releasing them into circulation when energy is needed? A) epidermis B) dermis C) hypodermis D) stratum basale 116. Neurotransmitters send chemical messages across the gap between one neuron and another in which of the following structures? A) cell membrane B) ganglion C) synapse B) stimulation of milk production in the breasts C) regulation and preparation of the endometrial lining of the uterus for potential D) axon A) expression of secondary sexual characteristics, such as enlarged breasts 117. Hund's rule states which of the following? A) chemical bonds are formed only between electrons with similar spin B) the attraction between electrons holds atoms together C) a ground state atom always has a completely filled valence shell D) electrons fill orbitals singly and with similar spin before pairing 34) Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine? A) absorbing digested material into the blood B) nutrient processing and metabolizing C) absorbing water and compacting material into solid waste D) bile production and storage 35) When setting up the above experiment, the scientist has the option of using a separate water filter for each of the three tanks or using a single filtration system that attaches all three and affects them simultaneously. Which of the following filter set ups makes a more valid experiment and why? A) separate filters for each of the three tanks, because this ensures a higher quality of water for each tank B) one filtration system for all three tanks, because this makes filtration a controlled variable C) one filtration system for all three tanks, because this reduces the workload for the researcher A) field experiment B) natural experiment C) controlled experiment D) observational study 37) Which of the following is the control group in the above experiment A) tank A B) tank B C) tank C D) there is no control group in this experiment 38) Which of the following is a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in adaptive immunity by seeking out, attacking, and destroying targeted pathogens? A) B cells B) goblet cells D) separate filters for each of the three tanks, because this adds another variable to be tested and analyzed for inclusion in the experiment's results 36) The above experimental design description is an example of which of the following types of experiments? C) antibodies D) T cells 39) Which of the following are the blood vessels that transport blood to the heart? A) arteries D) significant B) capillaries C) venules D) veins 40) Which of the following organelles are the site of lipid synthesis? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) ribosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) golgi apparatus 41) Which of the following describes a series of measurements that produces exact results on a consistent basis? A) accurate B) precise C) valid B) anaphase C) prophase D) telophase 43) A series of muscle contractions that transports food down the digestive tract in a wave-like fashion describes which of the following? A) digestion B) deglutition C) defecation D) peristalsis 44) Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? A) nutrient processing B) blood filtration and detoxification C) cholesterol and lipoprotein production 42) Chromatids divide into identical chromosomes and migrate to opposite ends of the cell in which of the following phases of mitosis? A) metaphase D) insulin production and blood sugar regulation B) acid-base reaction C) enzyme reaction D) combustion reaction 46) Which of the following are regions of the digestive system in which amylase is produced? A) pancreas and salivary glands B) gall bladder and salivary glands C) gall bladder and liver D) pancreas and liver 47) Which of the following describes a cell's reaction to being placed in a hypertonic solution? A) the cell will shrink as water is pulled out of the cell to equalize the concentrations inside and outside the cell B) the cell will swell as water is pulled into the cell to equalize the concentrations inside and outside the cell C) the cell will remain the same size since the concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal 45) 2C6H14 + 19O2 --> 12CO2 + 14H2O. The reaction above is an example of which of the following? A) substitution reaction to begin with D) the pH inside the cell will drop in order to equalize the pH inside and outside the cell 48) Which of the following are the two major zones of the respiratory system? A) left bronchus and right bronchus D) isotopes are atoms of the same element with different electron configurations B) nose and mouth C) larynx and pharynx D) conducting and respiratory 49) Which of the following is not one of the major tissue layers of the alimentary canal? A) submucosa B) muscularis C) adventitia D) duodenum 50) Which of the following distinguishes the isotopes of an element? A) isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different ionic charges B) isotopes are atoms of elements within the same group on the periodic table C) isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons B) bronchioles C) epithelium D) tongue 52) Which of the following describes the function of the fascia in muscle tissue? A) to enclose, protect, support, and separate muscle tissue B) to connect muscle tissue to bone C) to serve as the contractile until of muscle D) to slide past the actin protein cells in muscle to create contraction 53) Which of the following correctly describes a strong acid? A) a strong acid completely ionizes in water B) a strong acid donates more than one proton C) a strong acid contains at least one metal ion D) a strong acid will not decompose 51) Which of the following is the cartilaginous flap that protects the larynx from water or food while still allowing the flow of air? A) epiglottis 54) The process by which blood circulates oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues is an example of which of the following? C) inhalation D) exhalation 55) Which of the following is the material that is secreted into hair follicles to waterproof and lubricate the skin? A) sweat B) sebum C) vernix caseosa D) mucus 56) Which of the following are the connective tissues that attach bone to bone and help strengthen joints? A) tendons B) cartilage C) collagen D) ligaments A) external respiration B) internal respiration 57) Which of the following is NOT a nucleobase of DNA? A) adenine B) guanine C) thymine A) law D) uracil 58) Which of the following materials is the primary structural protein of the epidermis, nails, and skin? A) eponychium B) collagen C) keratin D) fibroblast 59) Which of the following correctly describes atomic number? A) the atomic number is the number of atoms in a mole of a given substance B) the atomic number is the number of neutrons in an atom C) the atomic number is the number of atoms in a gram of a given substance D) the atomic number is the number of protons in an atom 60) Which of the following is a descriptive, generalized body of scientific observations? B) theory C) model D) hypothesis B) extension of the sensory system 61) Which of the following types of cells are the main transporters of oxygen through the body? A) goblet cells B) white blood cells C) red blood cells D) platelets 62) Which of the following is the general term for a chemical substance that the body produces and transports through the blood to stimulate a cellular response? A) hypophysis B) amino acids C) oxytocin D) hormones 63) Which of the following is NOT a function of hair? A) regulation of body temperature bilayer of a cell membrane? A) to break down material that enters through the cell membrane B) to act as receptors that recognize and transmit hormonal messages C) to provide an attachment point for other cells D) to transport material across the membrane into the cell 65) Which of the following is the muscular action that moves a part of the body away from its median plane? A) abduction B) adduction C) pronation D) supination 66) Which of the following does NOT distinguish quantitative data collection from qualitative data collection methods? A) qualitative methods are more open-ended than quantitative C) protection from UV radiation D) protecting soft tissue from injury 64) Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of proteins found in the phospholipid B) results from randomized quantitative methods can be applied to a general population; results from qualitative cannot capillaries close to the surface of the skin? A) ephelides B) vascular nevis C) melanocytes D) comedones 68) Which of the following correctly describes the valence shell of an atom? A) the valence shell is the outermost-occupied electron orbital energy level B) the valence shell is always partially filled with electrons C) the valence shell is found only in ions, not in neutral atoms D) the valence shell must contain p-orbitals 69) Which of the following describes how skeletal muscles and bones work together to stimulate movement? A) muscles contract and exert force on the bone, which acts as a lever to stimulatemovement C) quantitative methods are number based; qualitative methods are text based D) qualitative methods do not need to be as valid or reliable as quantitative methods 67) Which of the following is an example of a birthmark caused by an increased volume of B) bones contract and exert force on the muscle, which acts as a lever to stimulate movement A) interphase --> mitosis --> cytokinesis B) prophase --> metaphase --> anaphase --> telophase C) interphase --> meiosis I --> meiosis II D) gap I --> synthesis --> gap II 71) Which of the following occurs due to a hypersensitivity in the immune system that causes a major inflammatory response to a common material? A) development of antibodies B) autoimmune disorders C) allergies D) AIDS 72) Which of the following is one of the primary muscles that drives ventilation? A) thoracic cavity B) oblique C) muscles elongate, moving the bone involuntarily D) bones elongate, moving the muscle involuntarily 70) Which of the following describes the correct order of stages of the cell cycle? C) lungs D) diaphragm 73) White blood cells develop from stem cells located in which of the following organs? A) thymus D) troponin and sarcomeres B) bone marrow C) lymph node D) spleen 75) Which of the following molecules have London dispersion forces? A) all atoms and molecules have London dispersion forces B) atoms and molecules with full valence shells have London dispersion forces C) atoms and molecules with a noble gas electron configuration have London dispersion forces D) atoms and molecules that contain at least one metal atom have London dispersion forces 76) Which of the following are the two proteins found in muscle tissue that cause muscle contraction as they slide past one another? A) actin and sarcomeres B) actin and myosin C) myosin and tropomyosin 77) Which of the following is NOT a hormone-producing gland of the endocrine system? A) steroid B) pituitary 80) The exchange of gases and blood happens in which of the following parts of the respiratory zone? C) adrenal D) thyroid 78) Which of the following is the process in which pathogens are "eaten", or absorbed and digested, by white blood cells as part of an immune response? A) pinocytosis B) phagocytosis C) opsonization D) vasodilation 79) Which of the following describes the relationship between correlation and causation? A) correlation implies causation B) only negative correlation implies causation C) correlation and causation are mutually exclusive; if one happens, the other cannot D) correlation does not imply causation C) pleura D) bronchioles 81) Which of the following glands provides nourishment for sperm, as well as the majority of the fluid that combines with sperm to form semen? A) seminal vesicles B) prostate gland C) bulbourethral glands D) Cowper's glands 82) Which of the following is the largest branch of the abdominal aorta, which supplies oxygenated blood to the upper digestive tract? A) inferior mesenteric artery B) gastric artery C) celiac artery D) superior mesenteric artery A) alveoli B) alveolar duct 83) Which of the following is NOT a phase of spermatogenesis, or the final stage of sperm formation? C) golgi phase D) fertilization 84) Blood is metabolized in the liver as it passes through which of the following types of blood vessels? A) hepatic vein B) inferior vena cava C) arterioles D) sinusoidal capillaries 85) Which of the following is a heterogenous mixture? A) a mixture in which the atoms or molecules are distributed unevenly B) a mixture of more than one type of atom or molecule C) a mixture of covalent and ionic compounds D) a mixture of polar and nonpolar molecules 86) Hormones can be classified into one of four basic groups based on their chemical source. A) tail formation B) cap phase Which of the following groups is derived from cholesterol? A) catecholamines B) steroids C) polypeptides A) the reaction will speed up if the concentration of substrate increases D) eicosanoids 87) Which of the following is a definition of adaptation, in the context of evolution? A) the process of descent with modification B) the increased likelihood that a particular genotype will increase in frequency in a population C) the process of individuals in a population choosing mates due to superior characteristics D) a biological feature or behavior in a population of organisms that improves its chances for survival in the environment 88) Which of the following is the element of blood that comprises most of its volume? A) plasma B) red blood cells C) white blood cells D) water 89) Which of the following is NOT true for enzyme-catalyzed reactions? B) the reaction will speed up if the concentration of enzymes increases C) the reaction will slow down at very low temperatures D) the reaction will speed up without limit as the temperature increases A) somatic nervous system 90) Which of the following is the molecule found in red blood cells that binds to up to four oxygen molecules? A) hemoglobin B) erythrocytes C) globulin D) antigens 91) Which of the following is NOT a reason why randomization is critical in experimental design, especially in experiments with human subjects? A) to give humans no choice but to participate B) to eliminate selection bias C) to provide a statistical basis D) to provide a balanced group of subjects 92) Which of the following is the division of the nervous system primarily responsible for regulating all involuntary and subconscious muscle functions? B) autonomic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) peripheral nervous system B) cerebrum, temporal lobe, occipital lobe 93) Which of the following is an appendage of a neuron that sends electrical signals away from the neuron cell? A) axon B) dendrite C) neurite D) neuroglia 94) Which of the following is the definition of acti