3 Human Growth and Development
★ Sigmund Freud
○ 5 Psychosexual / Psychodynamic stages:
■ Oral - Anal - Phallic - Latency - Genital
OldAgePensionersLoveGrapes
■ Oral
● mouth, sucking
● birth - 1 y/o
● Ego develops
● attachment is major factor
■ Anal
● anus, feces
● 1-3 y/o
● anal retentive; obsessively organized
● anal expulsive; reckless
■ Phallic
● genitalia
● 3-6 y/o
● Superego develops
● Oedipus complex: fantasies of sexual relations with the
opposite sex parent: son (3-5 y/o) wants to marry his mother
out of rage for father
● Electra complex: daughter wants to kill mother to have sexual
relations with her father
○ child eventually identifies with same sex parent,
internalizing parental values; develops conscience /
superego
■ Latency
● dormant sexual feelings; replaced by social interests
● 6 - puberty (12)
■ Genital
● sexual interests mature
● puberty - death
■ final stage at 12 y/o
■ If severely traumatized, child may become fixated at a psychosexual
stage; become stuck where they feel safe (and be unable to move
onto the next)
> When life becomes too traumatic, emotional development halts,
while physical and cognitive processes continue normally
○ Maturationist (like Erikson)
○ Instincts / ID
○ Psychodynamic theories of counseling focus on: unconscious processes
(as opposed to cognitive factors)
○ ID =
■ pleasure principle; animalistic instinct; immediate gratification; anxiety
if not immediately satisfied
■ present from birth (baby needs to get needs met)
■ sex & aggression
, ■ irrational / illogical / chaotic
■ no time orientation
■ only concerned with body (not the external world)
○ Ego =
■ develops from the ID
■ helps express desires from ID in an acceptable manner
■ functions in the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind
■ based on reality principle
■ delayed gratification
■ ID = horse, Ego = rider
○ Superego =
■ emerges around age 5
■ holds morals and ideals acquired from parents and society
■ guidelines making judgment
■ 2 parts:
● conscience: information about things viewed bad by parents
and society
● ego ideal: rules and standards ego aspires to
82. Morality develops from Superego.
○ father of psychoanalysis (C.G. Jung father of analytic psychology)
● Menninger psychiatric clinic: psychoanalytic landmark in
biofeedback: learn to control bodily processes more
effectively with electronic devices
■ psychoanalysis is most comprehensive theory of personality & therapy
● nature of dreams
● manifest = material as presented to dreamer
● latent = hidden meaning behind dream
> far more important to Freudians
● Freud, Jung, Adler; fathers of psychoanalysis
○ Jung and Adler studied under Freud, but eventually
separated (Alfred Adler: father of individual psychology;
inferiority complex)
81. When development comes to a halt, counselors say that client: suffers from fixation
○ analytic concept
○ Freud: frustration & anxiety is normal, but when they become too powerful,
person becomes stuck (fixated)
○ Concept of life:
■ instinct of life instinct = eros
■ concept of self-destructive death = thanatos
○ foreconcious: deeper than conscious, not as deep as unconscious
○ Wish fulfillment theory: if wishes go unfulfilled, show up in dreams
■ freudian slips are wish fulfillments
99. Anal retentive personality = stingy/cheap
100. Freud; alcoholism and excessive smoking = oral character
, ★ Erik Erikson
○ disciple of Freud; agreed that each stage must be resolved to move onto the
next
○ Maturationist (like Freud)
○ ego psychologist; emphasizes role of control / ego
○ 8 Psychosocial stages
■ Infancy: Trust v Mistrust (virtue: hope) birth-1 ½ y/o
● corresponds to Freud’s oral sensory stage (birth-1 y/o)
■ Toddler: Autonomy v Shame (virtue: will) 1 ½ - 3 y/o
■ Preschooler: Initiative v Guilt (virtue: purpose) 3 - 5 y/o
■ School Age: Industry v Inferiority (virtue: competency) 5 - 12 y/o
■ Adolescence: Identity v Role confusion (virtue: fidelity) 12 -18 y/o
● teens most likely to conform
● ego identity = when adolescent is able to integrate all of their
previous roles into a single self concept v role confusion =
inability to do so
■ Young adulthood: Intimacy v Isolation (virtue: love) 18 - 40 y/o
● 23-34 y/o; heavily focused on sharing life with another
● counselors believe if person failed at this stage, likely believe
they can only depend on themselves
■ Middle adulthood: Generativity v Stagnation (virtue: care) 40 - 65
y/o
● fear of death greatest during middle age
● generativity = ability to be productive; produce offspring &
happy by looking outside of self and being concerned with
other people; do creative work/career, raise a family, leisure
time; not selfish
> if not achieved; become self-centered/self-absorbed
● Robert Havinghurst refers to this stage as middle adult years
○ created developmental tasks theory: middle adult
should achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home,
guide adolescents, develop leisure, adjust to bodily
changes, learn to relate to a spouse, and adjust to
aging parents
○ considered a little dated
■ Late Adulthood: Ego integrity v Despair (virtue: wisdom) 65 +
● stage of midlife crisis
● most theorists believe mid-life crises occur 35-45 men, 30-40
women
● individual would accept the finality of life better than middle
aged person
● Daniel Levinson mid-life crisis is season of wo(man)’s life;
positive, but if not, likely stagnate in 50s, lack of vitality
78. A person who can look back on their life w/ few regrets feels they had a successful
resolution in this stage; belief that their life served a purpose
● senile psychosis: brought on by old age
● nosology = classification of disease (DSM is primary guide)
● anxiety = fear, dread, apprehension w / o ability to pinpoint the reason
, ● phobia = fear, dread, apprehension with ability to know the source
79. Sensorimotor is to Piaget, what Oral is to Freud, and what Trust v Mistrust is to Erikson.
○ epigenetic: each stage emerges from the one before it (just like Piaget and
Maslow!)
○ structuralist: each stage is qualitative, a psychological crisis / turning point,
a way of making sense of the world 90.
○ bipolar / opposing tendencies; no total fail/success; lean toward alternative
○ successful master = sense of integrity, life is worth living
○ covers entire lifespan; final stages start at 60 y/o
○ similar to Harry Stack Sullivan; psychiatry of interpersonal relations: biology
less important than socio cultural tendencies (social influences), society, and
interpersonal issues
■ stages: infancy - childhood - juvenile - preadolescence - early
adolescence - late adolescence
○ Ego / Power of Control
■ reality principle; pressured by ID to succumb to pressure
■ logical / rational
■ reasoning
■ controls impulses
○ Super Ego
■ moralistic
■ idealistic
■ part of personality
○ Identity Crisis= to find out who adolescents really are they will experiment
with various roles
★ Milton Erickson
○ brief psychotherapy before next hypnosis
★ Jay Haley
○ strategic & problem solving therapy
○ inspired by Milton Erickson
★ A.A. (Abraham Arden) Brill
○ Analytic career theory
★ Arnold Lazarus
○ pioneer of behavior therapy
○ worked with Joseph Wolpe
■ systematic desensitization (for phobias)
■ multimodal therapy
■ BASIC - ID
● Behavior: acts, habits, reactions
● Affective responses: emotions, feelings, mood
● Sensations: hearing, touch, sight, smell, taste
● Imagery / self-perception: memories, dreams
● Cognitions: thoughts, insights, life philosophy
● Interpersonal relationships: interaction with others
● Drug/biological considerations: alcohol, (il)legal prescriptions,
diet, supplements
★ Sigmund Freud
○ 5 Psychosexual / Psychodynamic stages:
■ Oral - Anal - Phallic - Latency - Genital
OldAgePensionersLoveGrapes
■ Oral
● mouth, sucking
● birth - 1 y/o
● Ego develops
● attachment is major factor
■ Anal
● anus, feces
● 1-3 y/o
● anal retentive; obsessively organized
● anal expulsive; reckless
■ Phallic
● genitalia
● 3-6 y/o
● Superego develops
● Oedipus complex: fantasies of sexual relations with the
opposite sex parent: son (3-5 y/o) wants to marry his mother
out of rage for father
● Electra complex: daughter wants to kill mother to have sexual
relations with her father
○ child eventually identifies with same sex parent,
internalizing parental values; develops conscience /
superego
■ Latency
● dormant sexual feelings; replaced by social interests
● 6 - puberty (12)
■ Genital
● sexual interests mature
● puberty - death
■ final stage at 12 y/o
■ If severely traumatized, child may become fixated at a psychosexual
stage; become stuck where they feel safe (and be unable to move
onto the next)
> When life becomes too traumatic, emotional development halts,
while physical and cognitive processes continue normally
○ Maturationist (like Erikson)
○ Instincts / ID
○ Psychodynamic theories of counseling focus on: unconscious processes
(as opposed to cognitive factors)
○ ID =
■ pleasure principle; animalistic instinct; immediate gratification; anxiety
if not immediately satisfied
■ present from birth (baby needs to get needs met)
■ sex & aggression
, ■ irrational / illogical / chaotic
■ no time orientation
■ only concerned with body (not the external world)
○ Ego =
■ develops from the ID
■ helps express desires from ID in an acceptable manner
■ functions in the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind
■ based on reality principle
■ delayed gratification
■ ID = horse, Ego = rider
○ Superego =
■ emerges around age 5
■ holds morals and ideals acquired from parents and society
■ guidelines making judgment
■ 2 parts:
● conscience: information about things viewed bad by parents
and society
● ego ideal: rules and standards ego aspires to
82. Morality develops from Superego.
○ father of psychoanalysis (C.G. Jung father of analytic psychology)
● Menninger psychiatric clinic: psychoanalytic landmark in
biofeedback: learn to control bodily processes more
effectively with electronic devices
■ psychoanalysis is most comprehensive theory of personality & therapy
● nature of dreams
● manifest = material as presented to dreamer
● latent = hidden meaning behind dream
> far more important to Freudians
● Freud, Jung, Adler; fathers of psychoanalysis
○ Jung and Adler studied under Freud, but eventually
separated (Alfred Adler: father of individual psychology;
inferiority complex)
81. When development comes to a halt, counselors say that client: suffers from fixation
○ analytic concept
○ Freud: frustration & anxiety is normal, but when they become too powerful,
person becomes stuck (fixated)
○ Concept of life:
■ instinct of life instinct = eros
■ concept of self-destructive death = thanatos
○ foreconcious: deeper than conscious, not as deep as unconscious
○ Wish fulfillment theory: if wishes go unfulfilled, show up in dreams
■ freudian slips are wish fulfillments
99. Anal retentive personality = stingy/cheap
100. Freud; alcoholism and excessive smoking = oral character
, ★ Erik Erikson
○ disciple of Freud; agreed that each stage must be resolved to move onto the
next
○ Maturationist (like Freud)
○ ego psychologist; emphasizes role of control / ego
○ 8 Psychosocial stages
■ Infancy: Trust v Mistrust (virtue: hope) birth-1 ½ y/o
● corresponds to Freud’s oral sensory stage (birth-1 y/o)
■ Toddler: Autonomy v Shame (virtue: will) 1 ½ - 3 y/o
■ Preschooler: Initiative v Guilt (virtue: purpose) 3 - 5 y/o
■ School Age: Industry v Inferiority (virtue: competency) 5 - 12 y/o
■ Adolescence: Identity v Role confusion (virtue: fidelity) 12 -18 y/o
● teens most likely to conform
● ego identity = when adolescent is able to integrate all of their
previous roles into a single self concept v role confusion =
inability to do so
■ Young adulthood: Intimacy v Isolation (virtue: love) 18 - 40 y/o
● 23-34 y/o; heavily focused on sharing life with another
● counselors believe if person failed at this stage, likely believe
they can only depend on themselves
■ Middle adulthood: Generativity v Stagnation (virtue: care) 40 - 65
y/o
● fear of death greatest during middle age
● generativity = ability to be productive; produce offspring &
happy by looking outside of self and being concerned with
other people; do creative work/career, raise a family, leisure
time; not selfish
> if not achieved; become self-centered/self-absorbed
● Robert Havinghurst refers to this stage as middle adult years
○ created developmental tasks theory: middle adult
should achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home,
guide adolescents, develop leisure, adjust to bodily
changes, learn to relate to a spouse, and adjust to
aging parents
○ considered a little dated
■ Late Adulthood: Ego integrity v Despair (virtue: wisdom) 65 +
● stage of midlife crisis
● most theorists believe mid-life crises occur 35-45 men, 30-40
women
● individual would accept the finality of life better than middle
aged person
● Daniel Levinson mid-life crisis is season of wo(man)’s life;
positive, but if not, likely stagnate in 50s, lack of vitality
78. A person who can look back on their life w/ few regrets feels they had a successful
resolution in this stage; belief that their life served a purpose
● senile psychosis: brought on by old age
● nosology = classification of disease (DSM is primary guide)
● anxiety = fear, dread, apprehension w / o ability to pinpoint the reason
, ● phobia = fear, dread, apprehension with ability to know the source
79. Sensorimotor is to Piaget, what Oral is to Freud, and what Trust v Mistrust is to Erikson.
○ epigenetic: each stage emerges from the one before it (just like Piaget and
Maslow!)
○ structuralist: each stage is qualitative, a psychological crisis / turning point,
a way of making sense of the world 90.
○ bipolar / opposing tendencies; no total fail/success; lean toward alternative
○ successful master = sense of integrity, life is worth living
○ covers entire lifespan; final stages start at 60 y/o
○ similar to Harry Stack Sullivan; psychiatry of interpersonal relations: biology
less important than socio cultural tendencies (social influences), society, and
interpersonal issues
■ stages: infancy - childhood - juvenile - preadolescence - early
adolescence - late adolescence
○ Ego / Power of Control
■ reality principle; pressured by ID to succumb to pressure
■ logical / rational
■ reasoning
■ controls impulses
○ Super Ego
■ moralistic
■ idealistic
■ part of personality
○ Identity Crisis= to find out who adolescents really are they will experiment
with various roles
★ Milton Erickson
○ brief psychotherapy before next hypnosis
★ Jay Haley
○ strategic & problem solving therapy
○ inspired by Milton Erickson
★ A.A. (Abraham Arden) Brill
○ Analytic career theory
★ Arnold Lazarus
○ pioneer of behavior therapy
○ worked with Joseph Wolpe
■ systematic desensitization (for phobias)
■ multimodal therapy
■ BASIC - ID
● Behavior: acts, habits, reactions
● Affective responses: emotions, feelings, mood
● Sensations: hearing, touch, sight, smell, taste
● Imagery / self-perception: memories, dreams
● Cognitions: thoughts, insights, life philosophy
● Interpersonal relationships: interaction with others
● Drug/biological considerations: alcohol, (il)legal prescriptions,
diet, supplements
