WGU C785 final Exam With Correct Answers

WGU C785 Exam With Correct Answers What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - CORRECT ANSWERS amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? - CORRECT ANSWERS Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - CORRECT ANSWERS ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - CORRECT ANSWERS hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - CORRECT ANSWERS hydrophobic bonds how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - CORRECT ANSWERS Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding how do mutations affect protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein. What is an electron? - CORRECT ANSWERS Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding What is energy: - CORRECT ANSWERS Power derived fro chemical interaction what are covalent bonds? - CORRECT ANSWERS chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons what is an ionic bond? - CORRECT ANSWERS bond between positive and negative what is a hydrogen bond? - CORRECT ANSWERS weak bond between positive and negative with an amino? - CORRECT ANSWERS piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3 what is a carboyxl? - CORRECT ANSWERS piece of amino acid, COO or COOH What is hydrophobic? - CORRECT ANSWERS Doesn't like water, end with CH what is hydrophilic? - CORRECT ANSWERS Water loving, end with OH, NH, or SH what is disulfide bond? - CORRECT ANSWERS strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's. what are zwitterions? - CORRECT ANSWERS amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero what is a polypeptide - CORRECT ANSWERS polymer of amino acids What is dehydration synthesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS Process of forming peptide bonds what is hydrolysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS adding water to destroy bonds what is an alpha helix? - CORRECT ANSWERS twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds what is a beta sheet? - CORRECT ANSWERS folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds what is denaturation? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH what is aggregation? - CORRECT ANSWERS clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - CORRECT ANSWERS bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - CORRECT ANSWERS decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWERS High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function what is a competitive inhibitor? - CORRECT ANSWERS Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? - CORRECT ANSWERS Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding with enzyme what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited. - CORRECT ANSWERS Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created. what is substrate? - CORRECT ANSWERS the substance on which an enzyme acts what is a product? - CORRECT ANSWERS result of a reaction what is an intermediate? - CORRECT ANSWERS products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product what is an active site? - CORRECT ANSWERS location where substrate binds with enzyme what is enzyme specificity? - CORRECT ANSWERS Enzymes bind with certain substrate or type of substrate to create a certain reaction what is induced fit? - CORRECT ANSWERS Enzyme changes shape in enzyme-substrate complex to facilitate formation of enzyme-product complex what is kinase? - CORRECT ANSWERS Enzyme, adds phosphate group via phosphorlation what is phosphatase? - CORRECT ANSWERS enzyme, removes phosphate group via dephosphorylation with is an allosteric site? - CORRECT ANSWERS secondary site on an enzyme an inhibitor binds to via non-competitive inhibition what is competitive inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWERS enzyme substrate and inhibitor complex compete to bind with enzyme's active site. no product formed when inhibitor binds with enzyme. what is non-competitive inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWERS inhibitor binds to allosteric site, not active site. Changes shape of active site, preventing substrate from binding and making product what is feedback inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWERS End product sends feedback to beginning of enzyme pathway inhibiting 1st enzyme via noncompetitive inhibition what nucleotides/bases are used in DNA? what are their abbreviations/full names? - CORRECT ANSWERS C - cytosine, G - guanine, A - adenine, T - thyamine what nucleotides/bases are used in RNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS C - cytosine, G - guanine, U - uracil, A - adenine which nucleotides base-pair together in DNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS T-A, G-C which nucleotides base-pair together in RNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS U-A, G-C how to we make complementary DNA? (i.e. coding to temple et reverse) - CORRECT ANSWERS Taking coding DNA, write in reverse, then pair them up to make template. Template DNA, write in reverse, then pair up to make coding how do we make mRNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS template DNA to mRNA by switching back and forth OR coding DNA to mRNA by switching out T's for U's which strand of DNA is complementary to mRNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS Template DNA how do we make protein? - CORRECT ANSWERS DNA -> RNA -> Protein which type of nucleotide sequence is used and in which direction? - CORRECT ANSWERS RNA is used 5' to 3'