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Neuropedagogiek_Volledige samenvatting

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Een volledige samenvatting van het vak Neuropedagogiek in het schakeljaar/schakelprogramma van de richting pedagogische wetenschappen met zowel ALLE lessen/Powerpoints als uitleg van de proffen

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NEUROPEDAGOGIEK
GEMAAKT DOOR: ANKE MATHIJS

0 VOORKENNIS: BASISBEGRIPPEN UIT DE NEUROFYSIOLOGIE EN NEUROANATOMIE .................................. 5

0.1 BOUWSTENEN VAN HET ZENUWSTELSEL (FYSIOLOGIE) .......................................................................................... 5
0.1.1 communicatie in het zenuwstelsel................................................................................................... 6
0.2 HET ZENUWSTELSEL (ANATOMIE) ..................................................................................................................... 7
0.2.1 anatomische posities en sneden ...................................................................................................... 8
0.3 DE HERSENEN .............................................................................................................................................. 9
0.3.1 de hersenstam ............................................................................................................................... 10
0.3.2 cerebellum ..................................................................................................................................... 10
0.3.3 diencefalon .................................................................................................................................... 10
0.3.4 telencefalon (onderscheidt ons van de meeste diersoorten) ......................................................... 10
0.3.4.1 sub-cortex .................................................................................................................................................. 11
0.3.4.2 Witte stofbanen: 3 types die w ingedeeld op hoe ze vss delen vd hersenen verbinden ........................... 11
0.3.4.3 cerebrale cortex......................................................................................................................................... 12

1 INLEIDING: WAAROM NEUROPEDAGOGIEK? .......................................................................................... 15

2 NEUROWETENSCHAPPEN <> PEDAGOGIEK ............................................................................................. 15

2.1 VISIE: OPTIMISME ....................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2 VISIE: SCEPTICISME ..................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 GEMATIGDE POSITIE (IN DIT VAK) ................................................................................................................... 16

3 NEUROPEDAGOGIEK: MOGELIJKHEDEN & GRENZEN .............................................................................. 17

4 METHODEN VAN ONDERZOEK IN DE (COGNITIEVE) NEUROWETENSCHAPPEN ....................................... 18

4.1 ONDERZOEK NAAR DE (OORZAKELIJKE) RELATIE HERSENEN – GEDRAG .................................................................... 18
4.1.1 Letselstudies (neuropsychologie)................................................................................................... 18
4.1.2 Hersenstimulatie ........................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 METEN VAN ELEKTRISCHE HERSENACTIVITEIT .................................................................................................... 19
4.2.1 elektro-encefalografie (EEG) ......................................................................................................... 19
4.2.2 Event-related potentials (ERP)....................................................................................................... 19
4.2.3 Magneto-encefalografie (MEG) .................................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Single-cell recording ...................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 STATISCHE BEELDVORMING VAN DE HERSENEN ................................................................................................. 20
4.3.1 Computertomografie (CT) ............................................................................................................. 20
4.3.2 Magnetische resonantie imaging (MRI of NMR) ........................................................................... 20
4.3.3 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) ...................................................................................................... 20
4.4 DYNAMISCHE BEELDVORMING VAN DE HERSENEN .............................................................................................. 21
4.4.1 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) ............................................................................. 21
4.4.2 positron emissie tomography (pet) ............................................................................................... 22
4.4.3 near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs) .................................................................................................. 22
4.5 OVERIGE METHODEN ................................................................................................................................... 22

5 BASISINZICHTEN UIT DE COGNITIEVE NEUROWETENSCHAPPEN ............................................................. 23

5.1 ANATOMISCHE POSITIES EN SNEDEN ............................................................................................................... 23
5.2 DE HERSENEN ............................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2.1 sub-cortex ...................................................................................................................................... 24
5.2.2 cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................. 24

1

, 5.2.2.1 occipitale lob ............................................................................................................................................. 25
5.2.2.2 pariëtale lob............................................................................................................................................... 25
5.2.2.3 frontale lob ................................................................................................................................................ 25
5.2.2.4 temporale lob ............................................................................................................................................ 25
5.2.3 witte stofbanen ............................................................................................................................. 26
5.3 ONTWIKKELING VAN DE HERSENEN ................................................................................................................. 26
5.3.1 hoe ontwikkeling bestuderen? ...................................................................................................... 26
5.3.2 ontwikkelingsneurobiologie (= de eerste manier dus) ................................................................... 26
5.3.2.1 ontwikkeling van de hersencellen (neuronen + glia) ................................................................................. 27
5.3.3 samengevat ................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.4 ontwikkeling in gedrag ~ hersenen ............................................................................................... 30
5.3.5 ontwikkeling van hersenfunctie ..................................................................................................... 30

6 HET LEZENDE BREIN ................................................................................................................................ 31

6.1 LEZEN....................................................................................................................................................... 31
6.1.1 wat is lezen (& spellen?) ................................................................................................................ 31
6.2 HOE LEREN KINDEREN LEZEN (COGNITIEVE ONTWIKKELING) ................................................................................. 31
6.3 NETWERK VOOR LEZEN IN DE HERSENEN (NEUROBIOLOGISCHE ONTWIKKELING) ....................................................... 32
6.3.1 ontwikkeling van het leesnetwerk ................................................................................................. 32
6.3.2 omgevingsinvloeden ...................................................................................................................... 32
6.3.3 individuele verschillen ................................................................................................................... 33
6.4 DYSLEXIE ................................................................................................................................................... 33
6.4.1 neurobiologische oorzaken............................................................................................................ 33
6.4.2 causale modellen ........................................................................................................................... 34
6.4.2.1 causale modellen: hersenonderzoek ......................................................................................................... 34
6.4.3 effect van interventies ................................................................................................................... 35
6.4.4 predictie en detectie/preventie ..................................................................................................... 35

7 HET REKENENDE BREIN ........................................................................................................................... 36

7.1 REKENEN .................................................................................................................................................. 36
7.1.1 dyscalculie ..................................................................................................................................... 36
7.1.2 representatie van hoeveelheden (number sense) ......................................................................... 37
7.1.3 hersenonderzoek bij volwassenen ................................................................................................. 38
7.1.4 hersenonderzoek bij kinderen ....................................................................................................... 38
7.1.5 hersenonderzoek bij dyscalculie .................................................................................................... 38
7.2 ELEMENTAIR REKENEN ................................................................................................................................. 38
7.2.1 ontwikkeling van rekenen ............................................................................................................. 38
7.2.2 hersenonderzoek bij volwassenen ................................................................................................. 39
7.2.3 hersenonderzoek bij kinderen ....................................................................................................... 40
7.3 DYSCALCULIE ............................................................................................................................................. 41
7.4 KANTTEKENINGEN ....................................................................................................................................... 41

8 HET LERENDE BREIN: EXECUTIEVE FUNCTIES .......................................................................................... 42

8.1 INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................................. 42
8.2 PREFRONTALE CORTEX ................................................................................................................................. 42
8.3 EXECUTIEVE FUNCTIES.................................................................................................................................. 43
8.3.1 werkgeheugen ............................................................................................................................... 43
8.3.2 inhibitie.......................................................................................................................................... 45
8.3.2.1 responsinhibitie (ventro-laterale stuk) ...................................................................................................... 45
8.3.2.2 cognitieve inhibitie (dorso-laterale stuk dus is moeilijker) ........................................................................ 45
8.3.3 flexibiliteit ...................................................................................................................................... 46

2

, 8.3.4 complexe executieve functies (ef) ................................................................................................. 46
8.4 PROBLEMEN MET EXECUTIEVE FUNCTIES .......................................................................................................... 47
8.4.1 adhd .............................................................................................................................................. 47
8.5 INTERVENTIES GERICHT OP EXECUTIEVE FUNCTIES .............................................................................................. 48
8.5.1 3 categorieën van interventies ...................................................................................................... 48
8.5.1.1 voorbeelden van Cognitieve remediëring ................................................................................................. 48
8.5.2 Systematische review .................................................................................................................... 49
8.5.2.1 Belangrijkste conclusies ............................................................................................................................. 49

9 HET EMOTIONELE BREIN ......................................................................................................................... 50

9.1 ADOLESCENTIE ........................................................................................................................................... 50
9.2 PRIMAIRE VS SECUNDAIRE EMOTIES ................................................................................................................ 50
9.2.1 primaire emoties ........................................................................................................................... 50
9.3 HERKENNEN VAN EMOTIES OP GEZICHTEN ........................................................................................................ 51
9.4 COMPLEXE EMOTIES .................................................................................................................................... 52
9.4.1 beslissingen nemen ....................................................................................................................... 52
9.4.2 risicovolle keuzeprocessen............................................................................................................. 52
9.5 RISICOGEDRAG (IN DE ADOLESCENTIE)............................................................................................................. 54
9.6 PROBLEMEN IN DE EMOTIONELE ONTWIKKELING/-REGULATIE .............................................................................. 55
9.6.1 Gedragsstoornissen ....................................................................................................................... 55

10 HET SOCIALE BREIN ............................................................................................................................. 56

10.1 SOCIALE INFORMATIEVERWERKINGSPROCESSEN ................................................................................................ 56
10.1.1 Verwerking van gezichten ............................................................................................................. 56
10.1.2 Verwerking van de blik(richting) ................................................................................................... 57
10.1.3 Gedeelde aandacht ....................................................................................................................... 57
10.1.4 Inschatten van menselijke beweging ............................................................................................ 57
10.2 SOCIALE INTERACTIES................................................................................................................................... 58
10.2.1 perspectiefname ............................................................................................................................ 58
10.2.1.1 ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................... 58
10.2.1.2 theory of mind – mentalizing ................................................................................................................ 58
10.2.1.3 belangrijke shifts in de adolescentie ..................................................................................................... 58
10.2.2 morele ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................... 58
10.2.3 sociale keuzes ................................................................................................................................ 59
10.2.4 vriendschappen ............................................................................................................................. 59
10.2.5 sociale afwijzing en acceptatie ...................................................................................................... 60
10.3 SOCIALE MEDIA .......................................................................................................................................... 60

11 PLASTICITEIT EN DE ROL VAN OMGEVINGSFACTOREN ........................................................................ 62

11.1 NEUROPLASTICITEIT..................................................................................................................................... 62
11.2 PERIODES VAN PLASTICITEIT: KRITISCHE PERIODE ............................................................................................... 62
11.3 GEVOELIGE PERIODES .................................................................................................................................. 62
11.4 INVLOED VAN OMGEVING EN GEVOELIGE PERIODES............................................................................................ 63
11.5 IMPLICATIES VOOR PEDAGOGIEK .................................................................................................................... 63
11.5.1 afwezigheid van de ‘verwachte’ omgeving: effect van deprivatie ................................................ 64
11.5.1.1 Effect van vroege sociale deprivatie ..................................................................................................... 64
11.5.1.2 Effect van vroegtijdige interventie (< 2j) ............................................................................................... 65
11.5.1.3 inzichten: effect van deprivatie en vroegtijdige interventie ................................................................. 65
11.5.2 abnormale (interne) omgevingsfactoren ...................................................................................... 65
11.6 DE INVLOED VAN OMGEVINGSFACTOREN (EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT PLASTICITY) ...................................................... 66
11.6.1 effect van formeel onderwijs ......................................................................................................... 66

3

, 12 MOGELIJKHEDEN EN GRENZEN VAN DE NEUROPEDAGOGIEK ............................................................. 67

12.1 MOGELIJKHEDEN ........................................................................................................................................ 67
12.2 GRENZEN .................................................................................................................................................. 70
12.3 AANTREKKINGSKRACHT VAN HET BREIN ........................................................................................................... 71

13 NEUROMYTHES ................................................................................................................................... 73

13.1 WAT ZIJN NEUROMYTHES? ........................................................................................................................... 73
13.2 EEN ONDERZOEK IN VLAANDEREN................................................................................................................... 73
13.3 ENKELE VOORBEELDEN ................................................................................................................................. 76
13.3.1 leerstijlen: hersen-gebaseerd onderwijs ........................................................................................ 76
13.3.2 mythe: edu-kinesiologie ................................................................................................................ 77
13.3.3 mythe: verrijkte omgevingen......................................................................................................... 78
13.3.4 meervoudige intelligentie .............................................................................................................. 79
13.3.5 biologische interventies: hersen”zorg” .......................................................................................... 79
13.4 WAAROM BLIJVEN ZE BESTAAN? .................................................................................................................... 79
13.5 HOE HERKEN JE ZE? ..................................................................................................................................... 80

14 NEURO-ETHIEK .................................................................................................................................... 80

14.1 ETHIEK IN NEUROPEDAGOGISCH ONDERZOEK .................................................................................................... 80
14.2 ETHISCH GEBRUIK VAN NEUROWETENSCHAPPELIJKE INZICHTEN ............................................................................ 81
14.2.1 verantwoordelijkheid..................................................................................................................... 81
14.2.2 determinisme................................................................................................................................. 81
14.3 ETHISCHE KWESTIES .................................................................................................................................... 82
14.3.1 psychofarmaca .............................................................................................................................. 82
14.3.2 biologische screening (& labeling) ................................................................................................. 82




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