ACE Personal Trainer QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWER 2022

ACE Personal Trainer QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWER 2022anterior toward the front superficial external; located close to or on the surface superior toward the head proximal toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body medial toward the midline of the body frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts sagittal plane divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections transverse plane divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections order of oxygen delivery to the capillaries of the lungs from when it is inhaled -through the pharynx -through the larynx -through the trachea -through the primary bronchi -through the secondary bronchi -through the bronchioles -through the alveoli -gas exchange in the lungs 3 major functions of the cardiovascular system besides distributing oxygen and nutrients to the cells -carries carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cells -maintains acid-base balance -helps regulate body temperature axial skeleton vs appendicular skeleton -axial skeleton-made up of the 74 bones of the head, neck, and trunk, -appendicular skeleton- consists of the 126 bones that form the extremities formed elements vs plasma -formed elements-living, such as red blood cells -plasma is composed of nonliving water and dissolved solutes major characteristics of synovial joints have a space, or joint, between the bones that form them; a variety of movements can occur major characteristics of cartilaginous joints have no joint cavity and are held together by cartilage, little or no motion occurs major characteristics of fibrous joints have no joint cavity and are held together by fibrous tissue, very little movement occurs name the type of joint and possible movement at: thumb saddle joint; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, opposition name the type of joint and possible movement at: hip ball and socket joint; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, internal & external rotation name the type of joint and possible movement at: knee modified hinge joint; flexion, extension, internal & external rotation name the type of joint and possible movement at: elbow hinge joint; flexion, extension name the type of joint and possible movement at: hand condyloid joint; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction List the 3 forms of connective tissue related most to the practical application of personal training, briefly explain their roles during physical activity, and identify their relative contribution to the resistance experienced during joint movement -tendons - transmit force from muscle to bone, thereby producing motion; provide 10% of the resistance experienced during joint movement -ligaments (joint capsule) - support joints by attaching bone to bone, provide 47% of the total resistance experienced during joint movement -fasciae - provide a framework that ensures proper alignment of muscle fibers, blood vessels, and nerves, enable the safe and effective transmission of forces throughout the whole muscle; provide the necessary lubricated surface between muscle fibers that allow muscles to change shape during contraction and elongation; provide 41% of the total resistance experienced during joint movement How does age contribute to or affect flexibility brings about a decrease in normal muscle function, including strength, endurance, flexibility, and agility How does gender contribute to or affect flexibility females are generally more flexible than males, possibly due to anatomical and physiological differences How does joint structure and past injury contribute to or affect flexibility injuries to body structures may cause a joint to lose its ability to fully extend. injury or surgery that involves tearing, incision, or laceration of the skin will leave inelastic scar tissue, thereby limiting joint movement How does tissue temperature contribute to or affect flexibility intramuscular temperature should be increased prior to stretching or dynamic movement activity via an appropriate warm up How does circadian variates contribute to or affect flexibility joint stiffness has been associated with specific times of day, often the early morning hours explain the dangers of working past the 'burning' feeling that results when muscles are heavily exercised or in a state of fatigue the 'burning' feeling is a feedback mechanism that warns the body of possible injury if the current activity level is not reduced. it is the body's way of saying "slow down" What are the primary muscles or muscle groups used with: leg extension at the knee rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, intermedius and medialis What are the primary muscles or muscle groups used with: adduction at the shoulder pectorals major and latissimus dorsi What are the primary muscles or muscle groups used with: lateral flexion at the trunk external and internal obliques and rectus abdominis What are the primary muscles or muscle groups used with: plantar flexion at the ankle peroneus brevis and longus, posterior tibialis, gastrocnemius, and soleus What are the primary muscles or muscle groups used with: flexion at the elbow biceps brachii, brachioradialis, brachialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres What are the primary muscles or muscle groups used with: adduction of the scapula rhomboid major and minor and trapezius Which blood vessels carry blood that is rich in oxygen from the lungs back to the heart? pulmonary veins which muscle or muscle group is MOST important for respiration in humans? diaphragm It is important for fitness professionals to have a general understanding of Wolff's law because it explains...... how bones increase density in response to the stress applied through weight bearing exercise Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) can affect a static stretch by causing..... relaxation of the muscle being stretched through autogenic inhibition The frontward-backward movements of the arms and legs during walking occur in which plane of movement? Sagittal Which type of muscle fiber is the MOST highly adaptable to different training stimuli, making it able to increase oxidative capacities or increase force production and speed? type IIa During dynamic and static stretching, which of the following soft tissues contributes LEAST to the total resistance encountered by the joint during movement through its range of motion skin which muscles are prime movers for the shoulder joint adduction performed during a wide-grip pull up? pectorals major and latissimus dorsi How does the pancreas help regulate blood glucose levels it secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose levels and insulin to increase glucose uptake by the cells What are the 4 major components of physical fitness? -muscular strength & endurance -cardiovascular or cardiorespiratory endurance -flexibility -body composition Whats the difference between muscular strength and muscular endurance? - muscular strength - maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can exert during a single contraction -muscular endurance - the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time Whats the difference between essential fat and storage fat? -essential fat- amount of body fat necessary for the maintenance of life and reproductive function (men-2-5%, women 10-13%) -storage fat - body fat that is stored in excess of essential fat; excess body fat storage is referred to over weight or obese Whats the difference between tidal volume and stroke volume? -tidal volume - volume of air moved with each breath and represents the depth of ventilation -stroke volume - quantity of blood pumped per heart beat Whats the difference between aerobic glycolysis and anaerobic glycolysis -aerobic glycolysis - metabolic pathway that produces ATP in the presence of oxygen -anaerobic glycolysis - metabolic pathway that produces ATP in the absence of oxygen What's the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke? -heat exhaustion - moderate form of heat stress due to inadequate circulatory adjustments to exercise in the heat and humidity coupled with fluid loss -heat stroke - severe form of heat stress resulting from a complete failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms, with the core body temp exceeding 104 first ventilatory threshold -first ventilatory threshold - (VT1) - occurs at approximately the first time lactate begins to accumulate, represents hyper-ventilation relative to VO2 and is caused by the need to blow off the extra CO2 produced by the buffering of acid metabolites. VT1 is approximately the highest intensity that a trained individual can sustain for 1-2 hours of exercise Second ventilatory threshold (VT2) occurs at the point where lactate is rapidly increasing with intensity, and represents hyperventilation even relative to the extra CO2 that is being produced. VT2 is approximately the highest intensity that a trained individual can sustain for 30-60 minutes beta oxidation process of breaking down fatty acids for the production of ATP Partial pressure relative amount and availability of an atmospheric gas at a given altitude mitochondria site for aerobic production of ATP catecholamines a category of hormones that stimulate the body to adjust to the increased metabolic demands of exercise sympathetic stimulation process that results in preparing the body for exercise; 'fight or flight' mechanism maximal aerobic capacity greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work creatine phosphate high-energy compound found within muscle cells used to supply energy for intense, short-duration activities adenosine triphosphate complicated chemical structure that when broken down releases energy for cellular work lactate metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue respiratory exchange ration amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed what are the 3 basic processes of the cardiorespiratory system that must be functioning properly to proved adequate blood and nutrients to the tissues -getting oxygen into the blood via pulmonary ventilation and hemoglobin content of the blood -delivering oxygen to the active tissues through increased cardiac output -extracting oxygen from the blood to complete the metabolic production of ATP Is increased respiratory capacity an acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise? chronic adaptation Is decreased blood pressure in moderately hypertensive individuals an acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise? chronic adaptation