Summary NURSING 200 Oxygen, Fluid Balance and Electrolytes 2022 UPDATE

Balance and Electrolytes ***Fluid & electrolyte: • Serum osmolality: a measure of the different solutes in plasma. It is primarily determined by sodium. • Dependent edema: caused by the effects of gravity & occurs when fluid pools in the lower parts of the body, including the feet, legs, or hands. • Third space syndrome: occurs when too much fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial or "third" space - the nonfunctional area between cells. • Nondependent edema: swelling is not focused on the dependent body areas (face, hands. Not on lower body parts) • Fluid volume excess: Too much fluid in the body. Retains both water & electrolytes (sodium) in the extracellular fluid in equal proportions. • Active transport: substances move across a cell membrane through the use of a carrier molecule. • Osmosis: movement of water – from a solution of lower concentration to higher. • Diffusion: movement of molecule – from a solution if higher concentration to lower. • Filtration: the movement of water & solutes through the membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure. • Extravasation: The movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them. • Infiltration: The migration of cells from their sources of origin, or the direct extension of cells as a result of unusual growth & multiplication. • Phlebitis: The inflammation of a vein. Occurs in veins on the surface of the skin. • Isotonic Solution: has the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. • Hypertonic solution: has a greater concentration of solutes then blood plasma. • Hypotonic solution: has a lesser concentration of solute than blood plasma. ***Respiratory • Cheyne stokes: an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper & sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea (conditions effecting movement of air) • Biot’s: an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea (conditions effecting movement of air) • Kussmaul: a deep & labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure (conditions effecting movement of air) • Orthopnea: shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair • Hypoxia: insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body • Eupnea: normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate • Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing • Vesicular: the soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields • Bronchial: over the trachea has a higher pitch, louder, inspiration & expiration are equal & there is a pause between inspiration & expiration • Bronchovesicular: the normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch & an equal duration of inspiration & expiration • Wheezes: whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. • Rubs: grating sound. • Crackles: fine crackling or bubbling sounds, commonly heard during inspiration when there is fluid in the alveoli. • Rhonchi (gurgles): lower pitched, sonorous sound ***Normal/ Abnormal lab levels and role Normal levels Potassium (K): • 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L • main intracellular electrolyte • very important in the electrical activity of the heart Magnesium (Mg): • 1.3 – 2.1 mEq/L • important in maintaining neuromuscular activity within the body Calcium (Ca): • 9.0 – 10.5 mEq/L • important in bone formation • plays a role in blood coagulation • it is stored in the body (in bones)