Anatomy and Physiology A 1 questions and answers 2022

Anatomy and Physiology A 1 questions and answers 20221. Define the terms anatomy and physiology. anatomy: the study of the structure of the body systems and their relationships physiology: the study of the functions of the body; how the structure preform their functions 2. What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology? principle of complementarity of structure and function 00:19 01:08 3. How are structure and function related? structure determines function but function can modify structure 4. Provide several examples of structure-function relationships in the body. capillaries transport fluid- tube shape finger nails provide protection because they are hard blood flows in specific directions because of valves in the heart 5. Define and describe the following procedures: inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation. inspection- taking a look palpation- feeling percussion- tapping auscultation- listening 6. List and briefly describe the major characteristics of life. 1. growth and differentiation: increase in number and size without changes in shape; specialization of cells 2. maintenance of boundaries: keep inside and outside separate; harmful things away from sensitive things 3. responsiveness: responds to stimuli 4. metabolism and excretion: sum of all chemical reactions in a body; removal of harmful metabolic byproducts 5. movement: body parts individually; the whole body; or moving within the body 6. reproduction: cellular (1 cell divides to two identical daughter cells) and organismic (sperm and egg) 7. What are the body's basic survival needs? 1. nutrients 2. oxygen 3. water 4. normal body temperature 5. atmospheric pressure 8. What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? anabolism- building up of simple pieces catabolism- breaking down into simple pieces 9. Describe the levels of organization of the human body from simple to complex. 1. chemical: interaction and formation of atoms and molecules 2. cellular: smallest living organizational unit 3. tissue: groups of cells organized to perform a common function 4. organ: two or more tissue groups working together to perform a common function 5. organ systems: two or more organs working together to perform a common function 6. organism: most complex level, multiple systems working together to maintain life 10. What is homeostasis? a dynamic equilibrium at which the body best functions; stable internal environment 11. List the basic components of a feedback system and describe the general function of each. 1. receptor: sensor that responds to stimuli and sends signals via afferent pathway to control center 2. control center: analyzes the data and determines an appropriate responds, sends output to effector via efferent pathway 3. effector: provides the means for the control center's response 12. Define negative and positive feedback. negative: reverses/ decreases original response; decreases receptor activity positive: enhances/ intensifies original response (increases receptor activity) 00:02 01:08 13. Describe how negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis in the body. output shuts of the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity 14. Give an example of a physiologic variable whose level is normally maintained through a negative feedback mechanism. Describe the feedback loop that maintains this variable within normal limits. stimulus: blood sugar rises response: insulin is released by pancreas negative feedback: cells absorb blood sugar the stimulus is decreased and the response (release of insulin) ends 15. Give an example of a physiologic variable which is normally regulated through a positive feedback mechanism. Describe the feedback loop involved in this case. stimulus: baby's head pushes on the cervix response: oxitocin is released positive feedback: oxitocin causes an urge to push harder leading to the release of more oxitocin *16. Define health and health assessment. health: a state of physical, mental and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity health assessment: process used to evaluate the health status of a person *17. Explain the components of health assessment. comprehensive health history: included subjective information; 6 facets and review of symptoms complete physical examination: head to toe, objective information (signs) *18. Clarify the nurse's role in assessment. nursing process, assessment and communication *19. Identify the components of the nursing process. 1. assessment- noticing 2. diagnosis- interpreting 3. planning- responding 4. implementation- responding 5. evaluation- reflecting *20. Identify appropriate subjective questions based on the health assessment. onset- when did it start location- where exactly or generally, spread out, contained duration- how long and how often characteristic symptoms- what is it like, describe it associated manifestations- what else is going on relieving factors- what makes you feel better treatment- medications, other doctors *21. Name three ways a nursing health assessment may differ from a medical health assessment. 1. focus on treatment and diagnosis of actual or potential human responses as opposed to diseases 2. identifies environmental and other factors contributing to health 3. data collected is specific to the patient *22. How does your communication style affect your health assessment findings? by being respectful and considerate the patient will feel more at ease and potentially share information they previously would not have felt comfortable divulging *23. What patient behaviors might interfere with your ability to do a health assessment? List at least three, and give an example of how you might best perform the assessment of a patient exhibiting each of these behaviors. 1. patient with a mental disability- ask a family member to be present to verify and clarify questions and answers 2. a child who fidgets- provide a toy or game as a distraction while you examine them 3. a patient who wouldn't explain their own symptoms- ask the parents or friends to give as much information as possible and pay special attention during their physical evaluation *24. A patient presents to the Emergency Department with shortness of breath. How would you assess this patient? focus not he respiratory and criculatory systems; try to sleep in a sitting not supine position to avoid further breathing difficulties *25. A patient returns from surgery after having a tonsillectomy. How would you assess this patient? get as much information as possible without making the patient speak- simple yes/no questions avoid moving the patient as much as possible *26. You have just completed your physical assessment of a hospitalized patient. You have 14 abnormal findings. What do you do next? group them by system or body region and categorize from most to least severe *27. Give an example of each of the four steps in "Thinking like a nurse". 1. assessment- patient complains of trouble swallowing, you observe inflammation of the tonsils and fever 2. diagnosis- you think it could be strep throat and order a test 3. planning- you plain pain relievers, cool food, and antibiotics 4 and 5. implementation and evaluation- after a few days the symptoms and signs have subsided interstitial fluid fluid between cells intracellular fluid fluid within a cell extracellular fluid internal fluid located outside cells' includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid differentiation the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function homeostasis a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body sign an objective physical indication of disease, can be observed and or measured by a clinician metabolism sum total of the chemical retains occurring in the body cells symptom subjective indication of disease or a change in condition perceived by the patient anabolism energy requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances disease a specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms catabolism process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances disorder any disruption of normal function