AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 CHALLENGES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 CHALLENGES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT GCSE GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 Challenges in the Human Environment Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have:  the insert (enclosed)  a pencil  a rubber  a ruler. You may use a calculator. Instructions  Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.  You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around each page or on blank pages.  If you need additional extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).  Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The total number of marks available for this paper is 88.  Spelling, punctuation, grammar and specialist terminology will be assessed in Question 01.11.  HIC is a higher income country.  LIC is a lower income country.  NEE is a newly emerging economy. (JUN21 ) G/KL/Jun21/E8 8035/2 box Study Figure 1, a map showing cities that are expected to become megacities by 2035. Figure 1 box . 2 Describe the distribution of the cities shown in Figure 1. [2 marks] . 3 Outline one reason why managing transport is important for urban sustainability. [2 marks] Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 2, photographs of the Vertical Forest development in Milan, a city in Italy. Figure 2 box . 4 Explain why creating green space is important for sustainable urban living. Use Figure 2 and your own understanding. [4 marks] box Extra space Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 3, in the insert, a 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map showing part of Aberdeen, a city in the UK. box . 5 Using Figure 3, give the four-figure grid reference for the park and ride. Shade one circle only. A 0686 [1 mark] B 0687 C 8606 D 8706 . 6 Using Figure 3, what is the distance along the A944 from the junction at to the edge of the built up area at ? Shade one circle only. A 2.8 km [1 mark] B 3.3 km C 3.8 km D 4.3 km Study Figure 4, in the insert, a 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map from the 1950s showing the same area of Aberdeen as Figure 3. box . 7 Suggest how urban sprawl and the growth of commuter settlements have impacts on the rural-urban fringe. Use Figure 3 and Figure 4 and your own understanding. [6 marks] Extra space Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► (07) 500 Study Figure 5, a graph showing air pollution for 24 hours on 3 January 2019 in New Delhi, a city in India. Figure 5 box 400 AQI 300 (micro- grams per m3)* 200 100 0 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 am am am am am am am am am am am am pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm 3 January 2019 *Air Quality Index (micrograms per cubic metre) Air Quality Index Good (0 – 50) Moderate (51 – 100) Unhealthy for sensitive groups (101 – 150) Unhealthy (151 – 200) Very unhealthy (201 – 300) Hazardous (301 – 500) Beyond index (more than 500) 0 1 . 8 At what time of day is air pollution the highest? [1 mark] 0 1 . 9 Calculate the range in air pollution levels shown in Figure 5. [1 mark] micrograms per cubic metre (0 ) . Outline one reason why levels of air pollution are so high in many LIC/NEE cities. [2 marks] Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► . Assess the extent of the challenges created by urban growth in LICs/NEEs. Use a case study of a city in an LIC/NEE. [9 marks] [+ 3 SPaG marks] Name of LIC/NEE city Extra space End of Section A Turn over for Section B Turn over ► Section B The changing economic world Answer all questions in this section. Question 2 The changing economic world Study Figure 6, a world map showing the 10 largest global flows of money sent home by migrants working abroad in 2016. Figure 6 box . 1 Use the following data to complete Figure 6. [2 marks] box From To Amount US$ billion USA China 14 . 2 Guatemala’s gross national income (GNI) in 2016 was US$135 billion. The amount Guatemala receives from migrants in the USA is US$7 billion. Calculate the percentage of Guatemala’s GNI that comes from payments sent home by people who have migrated to the USA. Answer to the nearest whole %. [1 mark] . 3 Outline how uneven development can cause international migration. [3 marks] . 4 Describe the social or cultural background of a named LIC/NEE country. [2 marks] Name of country Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 7, a map showing some of the main regional trade groupings in the world. Figure 7 box Key North American Free Trade Agreement Central American Integration System MERCOSUR Pacific Alliance European Union Arab League ECOWAS COMESA SADC COMESA / SADC Eurasian Economic Community South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ASEAN Free Trade Area Agreement Pacific Islands Forum No data / data not included . 5 Using Figure 7, which trading group in South America has the most member countries? [1 mark] . 6 Explain how one country’s trading relationships with the wider world have changed. box Use Figure 7 and an LIC/NEE you have studied. [4 marks] Name of country Extra space Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 8, some information about Asha. Asha is an aid project in Delhi, a city in India. Figure 8 box . 7 Use Figure 8 to state one source of Asha’s funding. [1 mark] . 8 Use Figure 8 to state one way that Asha helps slum dwellers financially. [1 mark] . 9 ‘Aid is the best way to reduce the development gap.’ To what extent do you agree? Use Figure 8 and your own understanding. [6 marks] Extra space Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► (17) . Social and economic changes in the UK rural landscape are:  positive in an area of population growth  negative in an area of population decline. Do you agree? Justify your answer, using one or more examples. [9 marks] Extra space (1 ) End of Section B Turn over for Section C Turn over ► Section C The challenge of resource management Answer Question 3 and either Question 4 (Food) or Question 5 (Water) or Question 6 (Energy). Question 3 The challenge of resource management Study Figure 9, a map showing the levels of well-being for young people in selected countries. Figure 9 box . 1 Suggest how access to clean water may influence the differences in levels of well-being shown in Figure 9. [2 marks] . 2 Name one area in the UK that experiences water deficit. [1 mark] box . 3 There is a need to transfer water in the UK to maintain supplies. Explain how changing demand for water increases this need. [3 marks] Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 10a and Figure 10b. Figure 10a shows the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted to produce 1 kg of food. Figure 10b is a screenshot of a local food organisation’s website. Figure 10a box Beef Lamb Farmed fish Pork Chicken Eggs 0 20 40 60 80 100 kg of CO2 emissions per kg of food produced Figure 10b Keep up to date: Home Shop Producers Recipes Blog & Offers Contact Us edible16 is a not-for-profit online shopping service bringing the very best of locally produced food and drink to the people in and around Market Harborough. How it works Place your order on We source and We deliver everything pack your order to you in one go . 4 ‘Growing concern in the UK about the carbon footprint of food creates both opportunities and challenges.’ Use evidence from Figure 10a and Figure 10b to explain this statement. [6 marks] box Extra space End of Question 3 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► Answer either Question 4 (Food) or Question 5 (Water) or Question 6 (Energy). Question 4 Food Study Figure 11, a divided bar chart showing the typical daily diet in the UK and Somalia. Figure 11 box UK Somalia Key Grain Sugar and fat Fruit and vegetables Dairy and eggs Meat Other 0 20 40 60 80 % calories 100 . 1 Complete Figure 11 using the following data for Somalia. Food % calories Dairy and eggs 24 Meat 7 [2 marks] . 2 State two differences between the typical daily diet in the UK and Somalia shown in Figure 11. [2 marks] 1 2 . 3 Outline one reason for differences in food supply between countries. [2 marks] box . 4 What is meant by food insecurity? [1 mark] Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 12a and Figure 12b. Figure 12a – Newspaper article box Figure 12b – Protests about rising bread prices in Tunisia . 5 Suggest how food insecurity can have both economic and social impacts. Use Figure 12a and Figure 12b and your own understanding. [6 marks] box Extra space End of Question 4 If you have answered Question 4, do not answer Question 5 or 6 Turn over ► (27) Question 5 Water Study Figure 13, a divided bar chart showing water use by different sectors of the economy in Europe, Africa and Asia. Figure 13 box Europe Key Agriculture Industry Household Africa Asia 0 20 40 60 80 % water used 100 . 1 Complete Figure 13 using the following data for Asia. Sector % water used Industry 10 Household 9 [2 marks] . 2 State two differences between the water use in Europe and Africa shown in Figure 13. [2 marks] 1 2 (2 ) . 3 Outline one reason for differences in water use between countries. [2 marks] box . 4 What is meant by water insecurity? [1 mark] Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 14a and Figure 14b. Figure 14a – Queues for water in South Africa box Figure 14b – Protest sign in the USA . 5 Suggest how water insecurity can have both economic and social impacts. Use Figure 14a and Figure 14b and your own understanding. [6 marks] box Extra space End of Question 5 If you have answered Question 5, do not answer Question 4 or 6 Turn over ► Question 6 Energy Study Figure 15, a divided bar chart showing the energy mix in the European Union (EU) and China. Figure 15 box EU China Key Hydro Renewable Nuclear Oil Coal Gas 0 20 40 60 80 % energy generated 100 . 1 Complete Figure 15 using the following data for China. Energy source % energy generated Coal 59 Gas 6 [2 marks] . 2 State two differences between the energy mix in the EU and China shown in Figure 15. [2 marks] 1 2 . 3 Outline one reason for differences in energy use between countries. [2 marks] box . 4 What is meant by energy insecurity? [1 mark] Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► Study Figure 16a and Figure 16b. Figure 16a – Drilling for oil in the Amazon Rainforest box Figure 16b – Cleaning up after an oil spill . 5 Suggest how energy insecurity can have both economic and environmental impacts. Use Figure 16a and Figure 16b and your own understanding. [6 marks] box Extra space If you have answered Question 6, do not answer Question 4 or 5 END OF QUESTIONS There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED box (37) box (3 ) box (39) box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED box Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. 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