Pathophysiology questions with 100% correct answers

Pathophysiology questions with 100% correct answersFailure to compensate to changes results in? disease, death Define Pathophysiology? study of the structural and function changes in cells, tissues and organs of the body that cause or caused by disease./failure to compensate 00:54 01:29 Define homeostasis? external change in environment results in a internal change by extracellular fluid and intercellular fluid and attempts to compensate. if successful homeostasis is maintained. Define Physiology? study of homeostatic compensation Define Disease? is an interruption cessation, or disorder in the function of cells, tissues, organ or organ system Disease is characterized by what? recognized etiologic agents that CAUSE the disease, and identifiable group of signs and symptoms, constant anatomic alterations What are some etiologic agents that cause disease? Biologic agents(bacteria, virus, or parasitic worm or insect) Physical forces(burns, crush, radiation) Chemical agents(poison, toxin) Molecular(not always, but often genetic:cystic fibrosis) Multifactoral(mulitple etiologic agents involved;MOST DISEASES) Idiopathic(when the etiologic agent is unknown) what are some SIGNS of etiologic agents? observable or measurable change;(ex increased heart rate,fever, weight gain) What are some SYMPTOMS of etiologic agents? unobservable effects of a disease REPORTED BY PATIENT(ex: pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness) What are some SYNDROME characteristics of etiologic agents? characteristics combo of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease. What is another way to categorize etiology? based on timing: Congenital and Acquired Define Congenital timing of etiologic agents? disease condition is PRESENT AT BIRTH, although may not become evident until much later(ex: Molecular-down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia) may be due to mother being exposed during preg(infected mother with german measles causes baby to have deafness, cataracts and heart disease) 00:02 01:29 Define Acquired timing of etiologic agents? disease is caused by events AFTER BIRTH. (ex: result of genetic predisposition combined with exposure to a different etiologic agent-asthma(genetic and exposure to certain mites) Define pathogenesis? the sequence of cellular or tissue events that take place in time from the initial contact with the etiologic agent until the ultimate expressions of a disease or the development of the disease. IT IS THE PATTERN OF PROGRESSION. EX: Atherosclerosis(coronary artery disease) Define morphology? refers to fundamental structure(how something looks) of cells tissues or organs. Define Morphologic changes? are gross anatomic or microscopic changes characteristic of a particular disease. ex: LESIONS Where are distributions of lesions within the body? Local-confined to one area of the body Systemic-widely distributed through out the body. Where are the distributions of lesions within a tissue or an organ may be? Focal-distinct sites of damage Diffuse-damage is more widely distributed(fatty deposits) Describe complications? are possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment(something wrong that might be caused by the disease or treatment). Define Sequelae? are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease(something wrong that arises from the disease). Define Diagnosis? method to identify the nature and cause of a health problem, procedures and testing to determine a specific disease and its etiology. What are the steps of Diagnostic process? -Patient history-symptoms(identified by the patient) -Physical examination-signs(identified buy the healthcare worker) -Clinical probabilities and weigh most likely(based on patient charc.(age ,gender) and exposure history) -Lab tests(to rule out various diagnoses) Interpreting lab test(results being normal or not) -Initiate therapy and evaluate response Evolution of the disease-What typically occurs at what particular time in the disease? Onset-may be sudden or insidious(comes on slowly without obvious symptoms at first) Each disease can have a clinical course, what are the called? -Acute conditions-rapid onset develop quickly, relatively severe, short duration and self limiting -Sub-acute conditions-in between acute and chronic -Chronic conditions-continuous , long term process, tends to develop slowly and have long duration The spectrum of disease severity ranges in infectious diseases called what? Pre-clinical stage, sub-clinical stage, clinical stage, persistent stage, carrier state Define Pre-clinical stage? no clinical evidence of disease-no measurable signs but disease IS destined to progress to clinical stage Define Sub-clinical stage? no clinical evidence of disease-no measurable signs but disease is NOT destined to progress to clinical stage Define Clinical stage? measurable signs and symptoms of a particular disease Define Persistent stage? measurable signs and symptoms of a particular disease that continue for long periods of time(chronic) Define Carrier state? an individual who harbors the etiologic agent and can transmit it to another person but who shows no signs or symptoms of infection Define Mortality? ... Define Morbidity? ... Define Risk factors? ... Define Therapy? treatment of the disease to either effect a cure or reduce the patients signs and symptoms Define Prognosis? probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease;prediction of a patients survival based on a particular therapy Define cell? smallest structural and functional unit of the body How does diseases affect cells? compensatory mechanisms fail to restore back to normal conditions and cells are changed by stressed injured or killed Define a stimulus? change in environment causes stress and cells adapt by changing their size, number, and morphology Define size in a stimulus? atrophy-decrease Hypertrophy-increase Define number in a stimulus? hyperplasia-increase in cell number Define Morphology in a stimulus? Type, form, shape,