BIOL 235 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE NEW SOLUTION UPDATE

Thisstudy guide is meant to serve as an outline of the material that may be covered on the lecture exam. The guide is organized by the primary topics that were discussed in class. Each bullet point refers to a major concept related to that topic that you should have a full understanding of for the exam. Students should primarily study material that was presented in class. Assigned readings are supplemental and are meant to provide support or additional explanations for the concepts discussed in class. Please consult the syllabus for assigned readings in the text that correspond with the lectures. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Diagram the anatomy of the respiratory system and explain the function of each structure. • Use Boyle’s Law to explain the relationship between the pressure of a gas and the volume in which it is contained. • Explain how lung volumes and pressures change during normal breathing, and how these changes influence air flow throughout the respiratory system. o At rest: Diaphragm isrelaxed o Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts and flattens(expand) Thoracic volume increases. Intrapleural/Alveolar pressure decreases. Air moves in ▪ Pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure o Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes. Thoracic volume decreases. Intrapleural/Alveolar pressure increases. Air move out ▪ Pressure inside the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure, so air flow reverses o Active inspiration: usesintercostal muscles; taking in deeper/faster breaths ▪ Intercostal muscles contract and expands more, allowsthoracic volume to increase even more, pressure decreases, and air flows into lungs o Active expiration: uses abdominal muscles; deeper/faster breaths out ▪ Abdominals contract, pulling in rib cage, decreasing thoracic volume more, increasesthe pressure more, (larger pressure gradient), air flows out faster • Graph the changes in lung volumes and lung capacities that occur throughout ventilation. Describe how these values are obtained. o Lung volume is at maximum @ end of inspiration and alveolar pressure is at its minimum o Vital Capacity—representsthe maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily moved into or out of the respiratory system with one breath ▪ Decreases as the lungs become less elastic o @ end of expiration lung volume is at its minimum • Calculate vital capacity, total pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation. Explain the significance of each of these values. o Total Pulmonary Ventilation—representsthe physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract