PHI 208- Chapter 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022

PHI 208- Chapter 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022Socrates Question "ethics concerns no less than how one should live" We have the capacity to question our own, or others' assumptions about how one should live. Dialectic the process of moving back and forth between abstract judgements and concrete judgements. 00:52 01:22 Abstract judgments general considerations about values, rules, the purpose of things and so on. Concrete Judgements have to do with particular questions and problems such as what's right to do here and how. Practical Reasoning reasoning about what to do. everyday choices. Moral Skepticism doubts bout whether the values, principles, and standards we normally associate with morality represent objective truths about the way we ought to live our lives. Metaethics (moral knowledge questions) considers the questions and concepts that underlie ethical principles and judgements, such as whether values are real, whether moral beliefs can be true or false, and whether moral standards are universal or relative. Normative Ethics theories that consider questions about rules, principles, virtues, and the good human life. Examines norms to work out their details, consider their strengths, and show how we should respect them. Applied Ethics examines the concrete moral problems faced in actual life. Involves applying the more abstract ideas of the other two branches to concrete cases. Involve putting into place the forms of ethical reasoning defended by normative ethical theories. Examples are abortion, whether we should eat animals, whether doctors should lie to patients, and whether we should download copyrighted materials to our computers. Utilitarianism an approach to moral questions that distinguishes morally right or wrong actions in terms of their consequences. Moral actions are those that lead to the greatest amount of happiness and least amount of suffering for all those affected. Deontology argues that we have certain moral duties that we must respect regardless of our situation, who we are, or the consequences of doing so. These moral duties may be central to a culture or religious tradition, taken to derive from human nature or the nature of the world itself, or regarded as integral to what it means to make free, rational choices. Virtue Ethics the primary ethical concern has to do with the sorts of people we ought to be and the character traits (or virtues) needed to be good people. 00:02 01:22 Reflective Equilibrium state of balance between the general principles we affirm and the particular, concrete judgements we make. The three major moral theories can be distinguished in the following way: 1. Virtue ethics focuses on the nature and character of the person performing the action. 2. Deontological ethics focuses on the action itself. 3. Consequentialist ethics focuses on the consequences of the action. The three parts of human action are as follows 1. The nature and character of the person performing the action 2. The nature of the action itself The consequences of the action Three main approaches to normative ethics: agent- the person performing the action. 2. what is being done- the action itself. 3. there are certain results or consequences brought about by the action.