PHI 208 Final exam study set QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022/2023

PHI 208 Final exam study set QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022/2023According to the author, which statement would support cultural relativism but conflict with the best explanation of notion of "respect"? To respect another person or culture is to affirm that there is nothing inferior or superior about another culture, and therefore nothing to admire or criticize. According to Glaukon, if someone possessed Ring of Gyges, all of the following would be true EXCEPT: The person would become more just. Late one night over coffee, Ali and James get into a meandering conversation about the meaning and nature of love, whether anyone can ever truly love anyone else. What kind of judgments would the issues raised in this conversation be BEST described as? abstract All of the following are common features of skepticism EXCEPT: An attempt to formulate general ethical rules. Nafi, a cultural anthropologist, believes that at least some moral truths are independent of the values and beliefs of any particular culture or individual. What is the term for Nafi's belief? moral objectivity Paulette is a philosopher who is trying to evaluate the strength of a major moral theory. As such, which of the following questions is Paulette LEAST likely to ask about the theory? Does this theory avoid the frustration that can come with exploring ethical issues? The word "philosophy" literally means "love of ________." wisdom Victor assumes that each individual is primarily concerned with his or her own benefit. Victor's assumption is a form of __________. egoism Samara is considering how she should handle the fact that her employer overpaid her on her last check. Should she say something? Will she have to give the money back? Will her employer find out, and if so, is it better if Samara raises the issue first? These issues with which Samara is grappling are best described as ___________ judgments. concrete Peyton and Vanessa are having an in-depth conversation about whether moral standards and concepts hold across cultures, or whether they are relative. What type of ethics are they considering? metaethics Between what two types of judgments does a dialectical conversation move? abstract and concrete Jewish law prescribes that their deceased be buried in a shroud (a tachrichim) in simple pine box with no metal parts. Muslims, however, do not bury their deceased in a casket, but rather in a shroud (a kafan) directly into an excavated grave oriented toward Mecca. The claim that each of these kinds of burial rites can be right would be an example of cultural __________. relativism In philosophical terms, to support a particular moral position usually implies the denial of an opposing position. Charlotte, a struggling single mother, sees a very wealthy man drop his wallet. Instead of informing him she keeps it and uses the money inside to buy some clothes and school supplies for her kids, but she feels guilty about doing that. How might an egoist of the sort Glaukon represents in his challenge explain her guilty feelings? Charlotte is conditioned by society to feel bad about certain behaviors. Subjectivism differs from relativism in that it is __________ rather than __________. individual; collective With what does the major moral theory known as deontological ethics primarily concern itself? the nature of an action itself With what does the major moral theory known as virtue ethics primarily concern itself? the nature and character of a person performing an action In September 2017, Saudi Arabia granted its women the right to drive—the last country on earth to do so. Many people judged this as positive progress. What does this judgment imply about the idea of cultural relativism? It challenges relativism by recognizing an objective standard of women's rights toward which the country has progressed. With what does the major moral theory known as utilitarianism primarily concern itself? the consequences of an action Regarding human rights, the United Nations challenges the concept of cultural relativism by stating that while there are many legitimate cultural variations, all people have certain basic human rights that must be respected. Agnes is a widow with disabilities in her late 60s. Due to these circumstances, she only has to pay half of her electricity and water bills. What would a deontologist say about this situation? Agnes is acting morally since some duties, like the duty to pay one's bills, apply differently in different circumstances. In 2012, sports fans were saddened and outraged to learn that cycling superstar Lance Armstrong had used illegal performance-enhancing drugs for years. A deontologist would say that his actions were wrong because they implied that laws and rules applied differently to him than to other athletes. Professor Donovan is a Kantian philosopher. Therefore, she argues that the true value of "a good will" lies in doing the right thing for no other reason than it is right. What is one way Lilly can determine if her actions respect her friends as ends-in-themselves? Lilly ensures that her friends understand her reasons for acting and willingly accept them. In Rwanda, a farmer is hiding a group of persecuted Tutsis from a Hutu military commander. The farmer believes that he has to always tell the truth, and that this is a categorical imperative. If the Hutu commander asks if he has any hidden Tutsis, and he tells the truth, who is to blame for the Tutsis' capture according to Kantian theory? the Hutu commander, because only he is responsible for his own decisions Immanuel Kant claims that the only thing that is moral without qualification is __________. a good will According to deontological ethics, duties are independent of personal interests and desires. What does Kant mean when he uses "humanity" in the moral sense? our capacity to rationally and autonomously set and pursue our own ends