HL Cold War
US foreign policy pre-1945 5
1.1 The USA and Latin America pre-1945 5
1.2 The USA and Canada pre-1945 5
1.3 The USA and China pre-1945 5
Chapter Summary 5
President Turman and the Cold War 6
2.1 The USA and Communism pre-1945 6
2.2 The Start of the Cold War 6
2.3 The Truman Doctrine and containment 6
2.4 Truman Doctrine and Latin America 7
Rio Conference: 1947 7
OAS: Organisation of American States, 1948 7
ECLA: Economic Commission for Latin America (1948) 7
2.5 The Cold War and American society and culture 8
Background to the Red Scare under Truman: 8
A new Red Scare: 8
HUAC: 8
Who was targeted during the Red Scare and why were they targeted? 9
Impact of McCarthyism on domestic politics: 9
Chapter summary: 10
Korean War 1950 - 1953 11
3.1 Causes of the outbreak of the Korean War 11
3.2 The course of events in the Korean War in 1950 11
3.3 A UN war 12
3.4 Ending the Korean War, 1951-1953 12
3.5 The diplomatic and political outcomes of the Korean War 12
President Eisenhower and the ‘New Look’ 13
4.1 Eisenhower and change in foreign and defence policy 13
The New Look: 13
Eisenhower doctrine: 13
4.2 Eisenhower and Latin America 13
The USA and revolutions 13
From sympathy to hostility 13
Dealing with revolutionaries 14
Revolutionary potential in Latin America 14
Eisenhower, covert operation & Guatemala 14
Arévla, Árbenz and reform in Guatemala 15
Guatemala and the OAS 15
1
, The overthrow of Árbenz 15
The results and significance of the overthrow of Árbenz 16
The Bolivian Revolution 17
Vice President Nixon's Latin American visits 17
Nixon's first visit to Latin America 17
Nixon's second visit to Latin America 17
US involvement in the Vietnam War 18
5.1 The US involvement in Vietnam, 1950-69 18
President Eisenhower and aid to the French 18
Geneva Accords, 1954 18
Nation building in South Vietnam 18
Eisenhower and Vietnam: conclusions 18
President Kennedy and Vietnam 19
Ap Bac: 19
The end of Diem: 19
Kennedy and Vietnam: conclusions 19
President Johnson and Vietnam 19
'Johnson's war'? 20
Summary: 1950-1969 20
5.2 Motives behind US involvement in Vietnam 22
5.3 Why and how far did each US president get involved in Vietnam? 22
Why did the USA get involved? 22
The orthodox interpretation 22
The revisionist interpretation 22
The post-revisionist interpretation 23
Why did involvement continue and escalate? 23
The quagmire theory 23
The stalemate theory 23
The commitment trap theory 23
How far was each president responsible for the involvement? 23
President Truman: 23
President Eisenhower 23
President Kennedy: 24
President Johnson: 24
5.4 Why the USA failed in Vietnam 24
Events in Vietnam: 24
Protests against Vietnam War: 25
5.5 The end of the war 26
Nixon’s ‘Peace with Honour’ policy: 26
The role of Henry Kissinger: 26
Expanding war into Cambodia: 27
Détente with USSR and rapprochement with PRC: 27
PARIS PEACE ACCORDS — 1973 28
Fall of Saigon in April 1975 29
2
, 5.6 Domestic effects of the war 29
Social: 29
Economic: 29
Political: 29
5.7 Canadian and Latin American reactions to the Vietnam War 30
Canada: 30
Context: 30
Involvement in the Vietnam War: 30
Latin America: 31
Brazil: 31
Chile: 31
Cuba: 32
Mexican Americans: 32
Summary: 32
5.8 The role of Vietnam in the development of the Cold War 33
Timeline: 33
Perspectives: 33
From Kennedy to Carter: US foreign policy in Latin America, 1961 - 1981 33
6.1 President Kennedy and Latin America: 33
Kennedy and the Alliance for Progress: 34
Conclusions about the success of the Alliance for Progress: 35
Kennedy and the Peace Corps: 35
Aims and methods of the Peace Corps: 35
Achievements of the Peace Corps: 35
Kennedy and guerrilla warfare: 35
Kennedy and Cuba: 36
The Bay of Pigs invasion: 36
Results and significance of the Bay of Pigs invasion: 36
The Cuban Missiles Crisis, 1962: 37
Kennedy’s response: 38
Why did Khrushchev back down? 39
The results and significance of the Cuban Missiles Crisis 39
6.2 President Johnson and Latin America 40
Johnson and the Alliance for Progress 40
Alliance for Progress, political stability and Brazil 40
The Treasury and the Alliance for Progress 40
Alliance for Progress and the Panama Canal 40
Johnson’s intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965 41
Why Johnson intervened in the Dominican Republic 41
The significance of the US intervention 41
6.3 President Nixon and control of the Western Hemisphere 41
The Rockefeller Report 42
Nixon and Chile 42
Nixon, Kissinger and US influence in the Western hemisphere 43
3
, 6.4 President Carter, human rights, the Panama Canal and Nicaragua 44
Carter and human rights 44
Carter and the Panama Canal 44
Reception of Panama Canal Treaty: 45
President Carter and Nicaragua 45
Anastasio Somoza Debayle 45
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional 45
Fall from power 45
A moral foreign policy and the Sandinistas 45
Carter and Somoza’s overthrow 45
Carter and the Sandinista regime 45
Iran hostage revolution 1979 & the taking of US hostages 46
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 46
The Cold War and Canada: 46
Beginnings: 46
1946 — Gouzenko Affair 46
Cold War Deep Freeze: 47
NATO: 47
Korean War: 47
Arctic sovereignty: 47
Domestic Concerns: 48
Canada and the Cold War: 48
The Canadian Forces in Europe: 48
NORAD: 48
Bomarc Missile Crisis: 49
Cuban Missile Crisis: 49
The Cold War at Sea: 49
Glossary: 49
4
, 1.US foreign policy pre-1945
1.1 The USA and Latin America pre-1945
Monroe Doctrine 19th century US expansionism
↓ ↓
Acquisitions Interventions
↓ ↓
Cuba — 1898 Mexico — 1914-17
Puerto Rico — 1898 Dominican Republic — 1916-24
Panama Canal — 1903 Haiti — 1915-34
Nicaragua — 1912-33
↘ ↙
Resentment of ‘the Colossus of the North’
↓
Franklin Roosevelt, ‘Good Neighbour’
↓
Allies in WWII
1.2 The USA and Canada pre-1945
1.3 The USA and China pre-1945
Chapter Summary
● 1823: President Monroe warned Europeans not to interfere in the Western
hemisphere
● Late 19th - early 20th: USA grew more powerful and took over some Latin American
countries and intervened in others at will
○ Latin Americans resented US imperialism so President Franklin D. Roosevelt
introduced a ‘good neighbour’ policy → repudiated previous US use of force
in Latin America + The Act of Chapultepec (said that any act of aggression on
one signatory would be considered an act of aggression against all)
■ Helped to ensure that the Latin American nations supported the USA
in WWII although they remained sensitive about the imperialism
■ They had great problems such as poverty and governmental stability
● WWII reinforced US perceptions of Japan as an aggressor and China as a friend
+ Greatly improved the US relationship with Canada
● Was very tensed due to past conflicts
5
, 2.President Turman and the Cold War
2.1 The USA and Communism pre-1945
USA USSR
- Multi-party state - One-party state (as the communist
- Capitalist economy — minimal party is the party of the people, they
government intervention, wide only need one party)
variations in wealth - Communism — state controlled
- USA safer if other countries not economy, wealth equally distributed
Communist - USSR safer if other countries are
communist
1918 — US intervention in Russia
1933 — USA finally recognizes USSR
1941-5 — Allies in WWII
2.2 The Start of the Cold War
Roosevelt: Stalin:
- Confident - Deeply insecure
Truman: feisty & anxious to
prove himself ← Allies in WWII → USSR
- Some co-operation - Communst
USA - Some suspicion - Second most
- Capitalist powerful country, but
- Most powerful far behind USA
country in world
↘Cold War ↙
Why did it begin:
- Both countries had expansionist ideologies
- The two greatest powers in the world are unlikely to get along
- Different personalities:
- Roosevelt was more ingratiating and confident than Truman who tried to hide
his insecurities behind an aggressive stance toward the USSR
- Stalin’s insecurities → made him unjustifiably suspicious of the USA
2.3 The Truman Doctrine and containment
Eastern Iran Greece Turkey Germany
Europe
Truman Doctrine
6
US foreign policy pre-1945 5
1.1 The USA and Latin America pre-1945 5
1.2 The USA and Canada pre-1945 5
1.3 The USA and China pre-1945 5
Chapter Summary 5
President Turman and the Cold War 6
2.1 The USA and Communism pre-1945 6
2.2 The Start of the Cold War 6
2.3 The Truman Doctrine and containment 6
2.4 Truman Doctrine and Latin America 7
Rio Conference: 1947 7
OAS: Organisation of American States, 1948 7
ECLA: Economic Commission for Latin America (1948) 7
2.5 The Cold War and American society and culture 8
Background to the Red Scare under Truman: 8
A new Red Scare: 8
HUAC: 8
Who was targeted during the Red Scare and why were they targeted? 9
Impact of McCarthyism on domestic politics: 9
Chapter summary: 10
Korean War 1950 - 1953 11
3.1 Causes of the outbreak of the Korean War 11
3.2 The course of events in the Korean War in 1950 11
3.3 A UN war 12
3.4 Ending the Korean War, 1951-1953 12
3.5 The diplomatic and political outcomes of the Korean War 12
President Eisenhower and the ‘New Look’ 13
4.1 Eisenhower and change in foreign and defence policy 13
The New Look: 13
Eisenhower doctrine: 13
4.2 Eisenhower and Latin America 13
The USA and revolutions 13
From sympathy to hostility 13
Dealing with revolutionaries 14
Revolutionary potential in Latin America 14
Eisenhower, covert operation & Guatemala 14
Arévla, Árbenz and reform in Guatemala 15
Guatemala and the OAS 15
1
, The overthrow of Árbenz 15
The results and significance of the overthrow of Árbenz 16
The Bolivian Revolution 17
Vice President Nixon's Latin American visits 17
Nixon's first visit to Latin America 17
Nixon's second visit to Latin America 17
US involvement in the Vietnam War 18
5.1 The US involvement in Vietnam, 1950-69 18
President Eisenhower and aid to the French 18
Geneva Accords, 1954 18
Nation building in South Vietnam 18
Eisenhower and Vietnam: conclusions 18
President Kennedy and Vietnam 19
Ap Bac: 19
The end of Diem: 19
Kennedy and Vietnam: conclusions 19
President Johnson and Vietnam 19
'Johnson's war'? 20
Summary: 1950-1969 20
5.2 Motives behind US involvement in Vietnam 22
5.3 Why and how far did each US president get involved in Vietnam? 22
Why did the USA get involved? 22
The orthodox interpretation 22
The revisionist interpretation 22
The post-revisionist interpretation 23
Why did involvement continue and escalate? 23
The quagmire theory 23
The stalemate theory 23
The commitment trap theory 23
How far was each president responsible for the involvement? 23
President Truman: 23
President Eisenhower 23
President Kennedy: 24
President Johnson: 24
5.4 Why the USA failed in Vietnam 24
Events in Vietnam: 24
Protests against Vietnam War: 25
5.5 The end of the war 26
Nixon’s ‘Peace with Honour’ policy: 26
The role of Henry Kissinger: 26
Expanding war into Cambodia: 27
Détente with USSR and rapprochement with PRC: 27
PARIS PEACE ACCORDS — 1973 28
Fall of Saigon in April 1975 29
2
, 5.6 Domestic effects of the war 29
Social: 29
Economic: 29
Political: 29
5.7 Canadian and Latin American reactions to the Vietnam War 30
Canada: 30
Context: 30
Involvement in the Vietnam War: 30
Latin America: 31
Brazil: 31
Chile: 31
Cuba: 32
Mexican Americans: 32
Summary: 32
5.8 The role of Vietnam in the development of the Cold War 33
Timeline: 33
Perspectives: 33
From Kennedy to Carter: US foreign policy in Latin America, 1961 - 1981 33
6.1 President Kennedy and Latin America: 33
Kennedy and the Alliance for Progress: 34
Conclusions about the success of the Alliance for Progress: 35
Kennedy and the Peace Corps: 35
Aims and methods of the Peace Corps: 35
Achievements of the Peace Corps: 35
Kennedy and guerrilla warfare: 35
Kennedy and Cuba: 36
The Bay of Pigs invasion: 36
Results and significance of the Bay of Pigs invasion: 36
The Cuban Missiles Crisis, 1962: 37
Kennedy’s response: 38
Why did Khrushchev back down? 39
The results and significance of the Cuban Missiles Crisis 39
6.2 President Johnson and Latin America 40
Johnson and the Alliance for Progress 40
Alliance for Progress, political stability and Brazil 40
The Treasury and the Alliance for Progress 40
Alliance for Progress and the Panama Canal 40
Johnson’s intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965 41
Why Johnson intervened in the Dominican Republic 41
The significance of the US intervention 41
6.3 President Nixon and control of the Western Hemisphere 41
The Rockefeller Report 42
Nixon and Chile 42
Nixon, Kissinger and US influence in the Western hemisphere 43
3
, 6.4 President Carter, human rights, the Panama Canal and Nicaragua 44
Carter and human rights 44
Carter and the Panama Canal 44
Reception of Panama Canal Treaty: 45
President Carter and Nicaragua 45
Anastasio Somoza Debayle 45
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional 45
Fall from power 45
A moral foreign policy and the Sandinistas 45
Carter and Somoza’s overthrow 45
Carter and the Sandinista regime 45
Iran hostage revolution 1979 & the taking of US hostages 46
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 46
The Cold War and Canada: 46
Beginnings: 46
1946 — Gouzenko Affair 46
Cold War Deep Freeze: 47
NATO: 47
Korean War: 47
Arctic sovereignty: 47
Domestic Concerns: 48
Canada and the Cold War: 48
The Canadian Forces in Europe: 48
NORAD: 48
Bomarc Missile Crisis: 49
Cuban Missile Crisis: 49
The Cold War at Sea: 49
Glossary: 49
4
, 1.US foreign policy pre-1945
1.1 The USA and Latin America pre-1945
Monroe Doctrine 19th century US expansionism
↓ ↓
Acquisitions Interventions
↓ ↓
Cuba — 1898 Mexico — 1914-17
Puerto Rico — 1898 Dominican Republic — 1916-24
Panama Canal — 1903 Haiti — 1915-34
Nicaragua — 1912-33
↘ ↙
Resentment of ‘the Colossus of the North’
↓
Franklin Roosevelt, ‘Good Neighbour’
↓
Allies in WWII
1.2 The USA and Canada pre-1945
1.3 The USA and China pre-1945
Chapter Summary
● 1823: President Monroe warned Europeans not to interfere in the Western
hemisphere
● Late 19th - early 20th: USA grew more powerful and took over some Latin American
countries and intervened in others at will
○ Latin Americans resented US imperialism so President Franklin D. Roosevelt
introduced a ‘good neighbour’ policy → repudiated previous US use of force
in Latin America + The Act of Chapultepec (said that any act of aggression on
one signatory would be considered an act of aggression against all)
■ Helped to ensure that the Latin American nations supported the USA
in WWII although they remained sensitive about the imperialism
■ They had great problems such as poverty and governmental stability
● WWII reinforced US perceptions of Japan as an aggressor and China as a friend
+ Greatly improved the US relationship with Canada
● Was very tensed due to past conflicts
5
, 2.President Turman and the Cold War
2.1 The USA and Communism pre-1945
USA USSR
- Multi-party state - One-party state (as the communist
- Capitalist economy — minimal party is the party of the people, they
government intervention, wide only need one party)
variations in wealth - Communism — state controlled
- USA safer if other countries not economy, wealth equally distributed
Communist - USSR safer if other countries are
communist
1918 — US intervention in Russia
1933 — USA finally recognizes USSR
1941-5 — Allies in WWII
2.2 The Start of the Cold War
Roosevelt: Stalin:
- Confident - Deeply insecure
Truman: feisty & anxious to
prove himself ← Allies in WWII → USSR
- Some co-operation - Communst
USA - Some suspicion - Second most
- Capitalist powerful country, but
- Most powerful far behind USA
country in world
↘Cold War ↙
Why did it begin:
- Both countries had expansionist ideologies
- The two greatest powers in the world are unlikely to get along
- Different personalities:
- Roosevelt was more ingratiating and confident than Truman who tried to hide
his insecurities behind an aggressive stance toward the USSR
- Stalin’s insecurities → made him unjustifiably suspicious of the USA
2.3 The Truman Doctrine and containment
Eastern Iran Greece Turkey Germany
Europe
Truman Doctrine
6
