Inleiding Sociologie
Bachelor Sociologie
Universiteit Utrecht
Collegejaar 2022/2023
Luca Horstkamp
Inleiding Sociologie – F. van Tubergen
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 The sociological perspective ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Social problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Three aims of sociology ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Three types of sociological questions ....................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 The art of asking good sociological questions.......................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Sociology and common sense .................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.7 Sociology as cumulative science ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 2: Theories ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Theories and explanation......................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 What are useful sociological theories? .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.6 Causality ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7 Conceptual models .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.8 Formal model ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 3: Methods......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Is your smartphone making you stupid? ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2 Measurement quality ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 External validity ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.4 Internal validity ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Exploratory research ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.6 Qualitative and quantitave methods ......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Case study research ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
3.8 Administrative research ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.9 Survey research ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.10 Big data research ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.11 Experimental research ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.12 Replication ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Hoofdstuk 4: Perspectives .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 The origin of sociological perspectives ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Sociological themes and topics ............................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Causal explaining or subjective understanding?..................................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Multilevel framework................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Hoofdstuk 5: Opinions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.3 Conformity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5.4 Informational and normative social influence .......................................................................................................................... 25
5.5 Social learning theory .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
2
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
5.6 Popularity of cultural products ................................................................................................................................................ 27
5.7 Diffusion of innovations ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hoofdstuk 6: Norms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
6.1 College binge drinking: a social problem?.............................................................................................................................. 28
6.2 What are social norms? ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
6.3 Social control theory ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
6.4 Internalized norms ................................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.5 Legal norms ............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
6.6 Why do norms emerge? .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.7 Cultural maladaptation and norm change ............................................................................................................................... 31
6.8 The dynamics of group distinction .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Hoofdstuk 7: Networks ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
7.2 Personal networks ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
7.3 Network size and hubs ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
7.4 Network density and transitivity ............................................................................................................................................... 35
7.5 The small-world phenomenon ................................................................................................................................................ 36
7.6 Network change: loss-of-community?..................................................................................................................................... 36
7.7 Networks and social cohesion ................................................................................................................................................. 37
7.8 Networks and social capital ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 8: Groups ........................................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1 Groups unite and divide .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.2 Group segregation ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.3 The causes of group segregation ............................................................................................................................................ 39
8.4 In-group favoritism .................................................................................................................................................................. 40
8.5 Social context and in-group favoritism ................................................................................................................................... 40
8.6 Group threat theory .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Hoofdstuk 9: Stratification and mobility .............................................................................................................................................. 42
9.1 What makes you happy? .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.2 Social class and status............................................................................................................................................................. 42
9.3 Income and wealth ................................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.4 Long-term changes in stratification ......................................................................................................................................... 43
9.5 Social mobility.......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
9.6 Ascription and achievement .................................................................................................................................................... 44
9.7 Modernization and mobility theory .......................................................................................................................................... 44
9.8 Cultural reproduction theory ................................................................................................................................................... 45
9.9 The Great Gatsby Curve ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 10: Resources .................................................................................................................................................................... 47
10.1 Human capital ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47
10.2 Social capital .......................................................................................................................................................................... 47
3
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
10.3 Group affiliation and discrimination ...................................................................................................................................... 49
10.4 Inequality of outcomes, opportunities and returns ............................................................................................................... 50
10.5 Gender inequality ................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 11: Immigration and integration ........................................................................................................................................ 52
11.1 Immigration and integration: a social problem? .................................................................................................................... 52
11.2 International migration ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
11.3 Integration: what does it mean? ............................................................................................................................................ 53
11.4 Integration: changes over time? ............................................................................................................................................ 54
11.5 Integration: social context effects? ........................................................................................................................................ 54
11.6 Case study: culture of honor ................................................................................................................................................. 54
11.7 Integration: selective or spillover effects? ............................................................................................................................. 55
11.8 The dynamics of residential segregation ............................................................................................................................... 56
Hoofdstuk 12: Modernization.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
12.1 Is the world getting worse? ................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.2 Wealth and health .................................................................................................................................................................. 57
12.3 Peace and safety .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.4 Rationalization ........................................................................................................................................................................ 58
12.5 Technological progress ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
12.6 Scientization ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
12.7 McDonaldization .................................................................................................................................................................... 60
12.8 Value change ......................................................................................................................................................................... 60
12.9 Population change ................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Hoofdstuk 13: Religion........................................................................................................................................................................ 62
13.1 What is religion? .................................................................................................................................................................... 62
13.2 Did religions solve the problem of human cooperation? ...................................................................................................... 62
13.3 The stickiness factor of religion ............................................................................................................................................ 62
13.4 Secularization in Western Europe ......................................................................................................................................... 63
13.5 Modernization and secularization .......................................................................................................................................... 64
13.6 Existential insecurity theory ................................................................................................................................................... 64
4
Bachelor Sociologie
Universiteit Utrecht
Collegejaar 2022/2023
Luca Horstkamp
Inleiding Sociologie – F. van Tubergen
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 The sociological perspective ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Social problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Three aims of sociology ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Three types of sociological questions ....................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 The art of asking good sociological questions.......................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Sociology and common sense .................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.7 Sociology as cumulative science ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 2: Theories ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Theories and explanation......................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 What are useful sociological theories? .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.6 Causality ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7 Conceptual models .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.8 Formal model ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 3: Methods......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Is your smartphone making you stupid? ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2 Measurement quality ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 External validity ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.4 Internal validity ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Exploratory research ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.6 Qualitative and quantitave methods ......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Case study research ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
3.8 Administrative research ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.9 Survey research ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.10 Big data research ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.11 Experimental research ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.12 Replication ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Hoofdstuk 4: Perspectives .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 The origin of sociological perspectives ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Sociological themes and topics ............................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Causal explaining or subjective understanding?..................................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Multilevel framework................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Hoofdstuk 5: Opinions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.3 Conformity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5.4 Informational and normative social influence .......................................................................................................................... 25
5.5 Social learning theory .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
2
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
5.6 Popularity of cultural products ................................................................................................................................................ 27
5.7 Diffusion of innovations ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hoofdstuk 6: Norms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
6.1 College binge drinking: a social problem?.............................................................................................................................. 28
6.2 What are social norms? ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
6.3 Social control theory ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
6.4 Internalized norms ................................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.5 Legal norms ............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
6.6 Why do norms emerge? .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.7 Cultural maladaptation and norm change ............................................................................................................................... 31
6.8 The dynamics of group distinction .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Hoofdstuk 7: Networks ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
7.2 Personal networks ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
7.3 Network size and hubs ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
7.4 Network density and transitivity ............................................................................................................................................... 35
7.5 The small-world phenomenon ................................................................................................................................................ 36
7.6 Network change: loss-of-community?..................................................................................................................................... 36
7.7 Networks and social cohesion ................................................................................................................................................. 37
7.8 Networks and social capital ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 8: Groups ........................................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1 Groups unite and divide .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.2 Group segregation ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.3 The causes of group segregation ............................................................................................................................................ 39
8.4 In-group favoritism .................................................................................................................................................................. 40
8.5 Social context and in-group favoritism ................................................................................................................................... 40
8.6 Group threat theory .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Hoofdstuk 9: Stratification and mobility .............................................................................................................................................. 42
9.1 What makes you happy? .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.2 Social class and status............................................................................................................................................................. 42
9.3 Income and wealth ................................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.4 Long-term changes in stratification ......................................................................................................................................... 43
9.5 Social mobility.......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
9.6 Ascription and achievement .................................................................................................................................................... 44
9.7 Modernization and mobility theory .......................................................................................................................................... 44
9.8 Cultural reproduction theory ................................................................................................................................................... 45
9.9 The Great Gatsby Curve ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 10: Resources .................................................................................................................................................................... 47
10.1 Human capital ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47
10.2 Social capital .......................................................................................................................................................................... 47
3
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
10.3 Group affiliation and discrimination ...................................................................................................................................... 49
10.4 Inequality of outcomes, opportunities and returns ............................................................................................................... 50
10.5 Gender inequality ................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 11: Immigration and integration ........................................................................................................................................ 52
11.1 Immigration and integration: a social problem? .................................................................................................................... 52
11.2 International migration ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
11.3 Integration: what does it mean? ............................................................................................................................................ 53
11.4 Integration: changes over time? ............................................................................................................................................ 54
11.5 Integration: social context effects? ........................................................................................................................................ 54
11.6 Case study: culture of honor ................................................................................................................................................. 54
11.7 Integration: selective or spillover effects? ............................................................................................................................. 55
11.8 The dynamics of residential segregation ............................................................................................................................... 56
Hoofdstuk 12: Modernization.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
12.1 Is the world getting worse? ................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.2 Wealth and health .................................................................................................................................................................. 57
12.3 Peace and safety .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.4 Rationalization ........................................................................................................................................................................ 58
12.5 Technological progress ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
12.6 Scientization ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
12.7 McDonaldization .................................................................................................................................................................... 60
12.8 Value change ......................................................................................................................................................................... 60
12.9 Population change ................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Hoofdstuk 13: Religion........................................................................................................................................................................ 62
13.1 What is religion? .................................................................................................................................................................... 62
13.2 Did religions solve the problem of human cooperation? ...................................................................................................... 62
13.3 The stickiness factor of religion ............................................................................................................................................ 62
13.4 Secularization in Western Europe ......................................................................................................................................... 63
13.5 Modernization and secularization .......................................................................................................................................... 64
13.6 Existential insecurity theory ................................................................................................................................................... 64
4
