Complete Test Bank Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine 5th Edition Turgeon Questions & Answers with rationales (Chapter 1-33)

Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine 5th Edition Turgeon Test Bank Chapter 1: An Overview of Immunology Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The “father” of immunology is generally considered to be: a. Koch. b. Pasteur. c. Gram. d. Salk. ANS: B Louis Pasteur is considered to be the “father of immunology.” DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 2 2. An early form of immunization was practiced by the: a. Romans. b. Greeks. c. Chinese. d. Native Americans. ANS: C Beginning about 1000 AD, the Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. DIF: Cognitive Level: I 3. A specific function of the immune system is to: a. recognize self from nonself. b. defend the body against nonself. c. amplify specific functions. d. both a and b. ANS: D The function of the immune system is to recognize self from nonself and defend the body against nonself. Such a system is necessary for survival. The immune system also has nonspecific effector mechanisms that usually amplify the specific functions. Nonspecific components of the immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement). DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 3 4. An undesirable consequence of immunity is: a. natural resistance. b. acquired resistance to infectious diseases. c. an autoimmune disorder. d. recovery from infectious disease. ANS: C The desirable consequences of immunity include natural resistance, recovery, and acquired resistance to infectious diseases. A deficiency or dysfunction of the immune system can cause many disorders. Undesirable consequences of immunity include allergy, rejection of a transplanted organ, or an autoimmune disorder. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 3 5. The first line of defense against infection is: a. unbroken skin or mucous membranes. b. phagocytosis. c. antibody production. d. antigen recognition. ANS: A The first line of defense, or first barrier to infection, is unbroken skin and mucosal membrane surfaces. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 3 6. If microorganisms penetrate the first line of defense, a second line of forms defense mechanisms that become operational. a. cellular components b. humoral components c. secretions d. both a and b ANS: D If a microorganism p enetraTteEsSthTeBsAkiNn KorSmEuLcLosEaRl m.CemObMranes, a second li ne of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms becomes operational. Secretions are an important component in the first line of defense against microbial invasion. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 4 7. A specific component of the adaptive immune system formed in response to antigenic stimulation is: a. complement. b. immunoglobulin. c. increased secretion of mucus. d. enhanced phagocytosis. ANS: B If specific antibodies have been formed to antigenic stimulation, they are available to protect the body against foreign substances. The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances defines immunity. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 4 8. Acquired immunity can result from: a. vaccination. b. contracting a disease. c. genetic inheritance. d. both a and b. ANS: D Antibody -mediated immunity to infection can be acquired if the antibodies are formed by the host or if they are received from another source; these two types of acquired immunity are called active immunity and passive immunity, respectively. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 5 9. A child who contracts a contagious disease from an older sibling could develop immunity against the disease. a. natural active b. artificial active c. natural passive d. artificial passive ANS: A Active immunity can be acquired by natural exposure in response to an infection or natural series of infections, or through intentional injection of an antigen. DIF: Cognitive Level: II REF: p. 5 10. Preschool children who are vaccinated against specific microorganisms would be expected to develop immunity against those microorganisms. a. natural active b. artificial active c. natural passive d. artificial passive ANS: B Vaccination is an effective artificial method of stimulating antibody production and memory (acquired resistance) without contracting the disease. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 5 11. Artificial passive immunity is achieved by: a. vaccination. b. contracting a disease. c. infusion or injection of preformed specific antibody. d. transfer in vivo. ANS: C Artificial passive immunity is achieved by infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentrations of antibody. This form of passive immunity provides immediate antibody protection against microorganisms by administering preformed antibodies. DIF: Cogn itive Level: I REF: p. 5 12. Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by: a. B lymphocytes. b. T lymphocytes. c. monocytes -macrophages. d. both b and c. ANS: D Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells (i.e., monocytes -macrophages). DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 5 13. B lymphocytes respond to: a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen -presenting cell. b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells. c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit. d. antigens floating in body fluids. ANS: C The B type of lymphocyte can probably respond to a native antigenic determinant of the appropriate “fit.” DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 5 14. T lymphocytes respond to: a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen -presenting cell. b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells. c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit. d. antigens floating in body fluids. ANS: A The T type of lymphocyte responds to antigens presented by other cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 5 15. Cytokines: a. are produced by lymphocytes. b. act on various elements of the immune system. c. are molecular structures. d. all of the above. ANS: D Lymphocytes are immunologically active through various types of direct cell -to-cell contact and by the production of soluble factors. Nonspecific soluble factors are made by, or act on, various elements of the immune system. These molecules are collectively called cytokines . DIF: Cognitive Level: I REF: p. 5 16. Another name for Toll-like receptors is: a. genome. b. pathogen -associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). c. pattern -recognition receptors. d. complement. ANS: C