Emergence of Inequality: Haves and Have Nots Social Hierarchies
-Emerges 5000 years ago
-Egalitarian, hunter-gatherers dominate most of human history
New Trends
-Increase in population
-Centralization of population -Segmentation of society
-Developmental of social hierarchy Terminology
Hierarchy- system of social ranking in a society
Status- position in social hierarchy relative to others
-Ascribed: hereditary
-Achieved: earned status
Power: ability to control the actions of others Classification of Inequality Elma Service (Morton Fried):
-Band: egalitarian – situational leadership: war, medicine -Tribe: ranked – achieved status in lifetime, prestige
-Chiefdom (stratified – ascribed elite lineages, inherited status over generations -State: class – institutionalized ranking class structure beyond kinship
Primary Centers of Domestication- Southwest Asia/Europe, Mesoamerica, Peru, North America
How do we detect inequality in the archaeological record?
-Hierarchal system pattern
oE.g. Monte Alban lb.
-Different sized houses and architecture oTeotihuacan -Differential burial practices
oCohika elite and non-elite burials -Art/iconography (depictions of rulers)
oMississippian Shell Gorget- traded throughout Mississippi Valley and chiefdom -Texts (description of practices?
oHistorical dicuments both record and legitimate elite deeds and social positions oRosetta stone: dedication to Pharaoh Ptolemaios V ca. 196 BC
Organized Urban Center
-Elite apartment compounds -Neighborhoods
-Obsidian workshop areas
-Rural parents Sedentism: investment in one place
-Territoriality
-Social institutions developed --Ideology realm of culture that involves the unknown
-Satisfies psychological Lower Nubia -Nile stabilizes intensification of agriculture Geomorphology- study of ancient landforms Sedimentology- study of soil processes Climatology- study of climate patterns Archaeological Excavation
Goals
-Recover and record archaeological data -Maintain control of context oProvenience: 3 dimensional -Horizontal vs Vertical patterning
oAssociation: temporal & behavioral oSection view and plain view
Primary Context: undisturbed since being in use context
Secondary Context: disturbed in the past by subsequent activities, has been moved Site components: artifact – modified by human
eco-fact – food remains, bones, cultural significance, not modified features – burial, wall, home floor, not portable entities. You destroy when you excavate Types of Excavation
Test pits- explore unknown contexts
Vertical Excavation Time depth (Devils Mouth Site, Texas)
Horizontal Excavation Spatial patterns Scale of Excavations
-Backhoe and dump truck, shovel and pick, trowel and dustpan, dental tools and paint brush
use the largest possible to accurately record information. Privy.
-Emerges 5000 years ago
-Egalitarian, hunter-gatherers dominate most of human history
New Trends
-Increase in population
-Centralization of population -Segmentation of society
-Developmental of social hierarchy Terminology
Hierarchy- system of social ranking in a society
Status- position in social hierarchy relative to others
-Ascribed: hereditary
-Achieved: earned status
Power: ability to control the actions of others Classification of Inequality Elma Service (Morton Fried):
-Band: egalitarian – situational leadership: war, medicine -Tribe: ranked – achieved status in lifetime, prestige
-Chiefdom (stratified – ascribed elite lineages, inherited status over generations -State: class – institutionalized ranking class structure beyond kinship
Primary Centers of Domestication- Southwest Asia/Europe, Mesoamerica, Peru, North America
How do we detect inequality in the archaeological record?
-Hierarchal system pattern
oE.g. Monte Alban lb.
-Different sized houses and architecture oTeotihuacan -Differential burial practices
oCohika elite and non-elite burials -Art/iconography (depictions of rulers)
oMississippian Shell Gorget- traded throughout Mississippi Valley and chiefdom -Texts (description of practices?
oHistorical dicuments both record and legitimate elite deeds and social positions oRosetta stone: dedication to Pharaoh Ptolemaios V ca. 196 BC
Organized Urban Center
-Elite apartment compounds -Neighborhoods
-Obsidian workshop areas
-Rural parents Sedentism: investment in one place
-Territoriality
-Social institutions developed --Ideology realm of culture that involves the unknown
-Satisfies psychological Lower Nubia -Nile stabilizes intensification of agriculture Geomorphology- study of ancient landforms Sedimentology- study of soil processes Climatology- study of climate patterns Archaeological Excavation
Goals
-Recover and record archaeological data -Maintain control of context oProvenience: 3 dimensional -Horizontal vs Vertical patterning
oAssociation: temporal & behavioral oSection view and plain view
Primary Context: undisturbed since being in use context
Secondary Context: disturbed in the past by subsequent activities, has been moved Site components: artifact – modified by human
eco-fact – food remains, bones, cultural significance, not modified features – burial, wall, home floor, not portable entities. You destroy when you excavate Types of Excavation
Test pits- explore unknown contexts
Vertical Excavation Time depth (Devils Mouth Site, Texas)
Horizontal Excavation Spatial patterns Scale of Excavations
-Backhoe and dump truck, shovel and pick, trowel and dustpan, dental tools and paint brush
use the largest possible to accurately record information. Privy.
