ASHFORD UNIVERSITY. PHI 103 FINAL EXAM QUIZ.

ASHFORD UNIVERSITY. PHI 103 FINAL EXAM QUIZ. (LATEST) QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS. GRADED A Inference is . the process of drawing a conclusion from supporting premises This is one way to determine if one is encountering an explanation versus an argument: In explanations, the conclusion is less controversial than the premises. Intellectual modesty is . the ability to examine one’s own beliefs and be objective about faults in those beliefs Rhetorical arguments focus on . persuading the audience to which one is speaking Critical thinkers generally do the following: They examine the sources of information and the credibility of the authors Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the authors that language is important? It helps to prove our intellectual superiority. According to the authors of our text, logic is . is the study of arguments that serve as tools for arriving at warranted judgments Which of the following is the definition of logic employed by the book With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking? The study of arguments as tools for arriving at warranted judgments A definitive characteristic of deductive arguments is that . the conclusion is intended to follow necessarily from the premises The answer can be found in Section 2.4, “Classifying Arguments,” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. An argument in logic is . a set of claims, some of which serve as support for another claim Which of the following is an explanation rather than an argument: “He is smiling so he must be happy.” According to the authors or our text, a value of critical thinking is that it helps us to: Live a life that we choose Identify the conclusion of the following argument. Too many intravenous drug users continue to risk their lives by sharing dirty needles. We should supply drug addicts with a way to get clean needles. This would lower the rate of AIDS in this high-risk population as well as allow for the opportunity to educate and attempt to aid those who are addicted to heroin and other intravenous drugs. We should supply drug addicts with a way to get clean needles. What is a conclusion that could be deductively drawn from the following premises? All dogs are warm-blooded. All warm-blooded creatures are mammals. All dogs are mammals. Which of the following indicates a premise? Because An argument, as defined in logic, is . a methodological defense of a position Explanations differ from arguments in that . they are about conclusions that are already accepted to be true Which of these best explains the study of language in relation to logic: Studying language does not contribute to our understanding arguments Correct Answer To study logic it is important to learn to employ language precisely The answer can be found in Section 1.5, “The Importance of Language in Logic,” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. What is the issue that is being addressed in the following argument? Letting your kids play around on the Internet all day is like dropping them off in downtown Chicago to spend the day by themselves. They will find something that gets them into trouble. Whether one should allow one’s kids to use the Internet for long periods of time Standard form is . a way to clarify arguments by listing the premises above the conclusion the proper use of grammar in presenting an argument Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the authors that language is important? It helps to prove our intellectual superiority. According to chapter 1, formal logic ? a more abstract approach to logic than informal logic, involving symbols and mathematics The answer can be found in Section 1.3, “What Is Logic?” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. What is the issue that is being addressed in the following argument? Letting your kids play around on the Internet all day is like dropping them off in downtown Chicago to spend the day by themselves. They will find something that gets them into trouble. Whether one should allow one’s kids to use the Internet for long periods of time Reasons given to support a conclusion are called . premises This is one way to determine if one is encountering an explanation versus an argument: In explanations, the conclusion is less controversial than the premises. An argument is . a defense of a position Thinking logically guarantees that . a person will have specific methods to evaluate choices Which of these is one of the differences (given in Chapter 1) between a logical argument and a rhetorical argument? A logical argument does not necessarily involve an exchange The following is an important part of expressing arguments in standard form. Being able to paraphrase language to make it clear What is a claim? An assertion that something is the case Which of the following is a conclusion marker? Therefore What is a conclusion that could be deductively drawn from the following premises? All dogs are warm-blooded. All warm-blooded creatures are mammals. All dogs are mammals. Explanations differ from arguments in that . they are about conclusions that are already accepted to be true A definitive characteristic of deductive arguments is that . the conclusion is intended to follow necessarily from the premises The answer can be found in Section 2.4, “Classifying Arguments,” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. Inference is . the process of drawing a conclusion from supporting premises Informal logic . studies arguments as they exist in everyday language Claims have the following attribute. They can be true or false. Is the following an argument or an explanation? The reason it is so hot lately is that the wind has been coming from the south. Explanation Which of the following is a claim? The door is shut. Which one of these is not one of the good things about intellectual modesty mentioned in Chapter 1? We are better at public debate An argument can have . any number of premises According to chapter 1, formal logic ? Is a more abstract approach to logic than informal logic, involving symbols and mathematics According to the text, the emotions that we feel . are not reliable sources of information What is the issue that is being addressed in the following argument? Letting your kids play around on the Internet all day is like dropping them off in downtown Chicago to spend the day by themselves. They will find something that gets them into trouble. Whether one should allow one’s kids to use the Internet for long periods of time Which of the following is a claim? Alpha particles are bare protons. Inference is . the process of drawing a conclusion from supporting premises Logical arguments . attempt to use good reasoning to discover truth Which of these best explains the study of language in relation to logic: To study logic it is important to learn to employ language precisely Premises and conclusions have which of the following in common? They are components of arguments The following is an important part of expressing arguments in standard form. Being able to paraphrase language to make it clear An argument, as defined in logic, is . a methodological defense of a position Which of the following is the definition of logic employed by the book With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking? The study of arguments as tools for arriving at warranted judgments When trying to write an argument in standard argument form, which of the following is not listed in chapter 2 as one of the things that you should do? Look for rhetorical questions in the argument This is one way to determine if one is encountering an explanation versus an argument: In explanations, the conclusion is less controversial than the premises. Which of these is a premise of the following argument? I am sure that Julie is good. She is so friendly and gives to charities. Julie is friendly Correct Answer Julie is good The answer can be found in Section 2.2, “Putting Arguments in the Standard Form,” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. Which of the following is a conclusion marker? Therefore Explanations differ from arguments in that . they are about conclusions that are already accepted to be true A definitive characteristic of deductive arguments is that . the conclusion is intended to follow necessarily from the premises Analytical thinking involves: Breaking down component parts of larger things or ideas Critical thinkers generally do the following: They examine the sources of information and the credibility of the authors Week 2 Quiz What type of inductive reasoning is the following argument? “My friend is a philosopher, and he says that Descartes was an empiricist, so he was.” Argument from authority Consider the following argument. I studied for the test. Therefore, I will pass the class. Which of the following additional premises would most make this argument stronger? I have gotten good grades on all of the tests and papers so far in the class The answer can be found in Section 5.1, “Basic Concepts in Inductive Reasoning,” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. What does it mean for an argument to be invalid? it is possible for all of its premises to be true and its conclusion is false What type of inductive argument is the following example? “I had mincemeat pie once, and it was terrible. So, it will be terrible next time too.” Argument from analogy What type of inductive reasoning is the following argument? Dentists say that flossing is important, so it must be true. Argument from authority Which of the following is true about inductive reasoning versus deductive reasoning? Inductive reasoning is sometimes preferable. An argument is deductive . if it presents itself as being valid “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal” is what type of argument? deductive The margin of error is . the a likely range of difference that one can expect between the sample and the whole population “Either Mike loves broccoli, or he will hate this casserole. Mike does not hate this casserole. Therefore, he must love broccoli.” This argument is . Correct Answer a propositional argument The answer can be found in Section 3.3, “Types of Deductive Arguments,” of With Good Reason: A Guide to Critical Thinking. “A mammals is any creatures that breathe air, have hair, and breast-feed its young. Dolphins breathe air, have hair, and breast-feed their young. Therefore, dolphins are mammals.” This argument is . an argument from definition Inductive arguments aim for this type of connection between their premises and conclusions. A probable connection What type of inductive argument is the following example? “Every cat I’ve tested hates citrus. Therefore, all cats hate citrus.” Inductive generalization If an argument form is valid, which of the following must be true? all of its instances are valid. What does it mean for an argument to be cogent? It is inductively strong and has all true premises. The acceptable confidence level for an analysis or experiment . is often more than 90% in academic analyses One way to make an inductive argument stronger is to . offer more reasons to support the conclusion What type of inductive argument is the following example? “Most people who play the slots lose. Mike is playing the slots, so he is probably losing.” Statistical syllogism What type of inductive argument is the following example? “I liked Chinese food last week, so I will probably like it this time as well.” Argument from analogy Which of the following is not one of the things that can weaken an appeal to authority? The authority’s view does not agree with what one expected. What type of inductive reasoning is the following argument? Dentists say that flossing is important, so it must be true. Argument from authority If an argument form is valid, which of the following must be true? all of its instances are valid. Which of the following is not one of the things that can weaken an appeal to authority? The authority’s view does not agree with what one expected. Consider the following argument. I studied for the test. Therefore, I will pass the class. Which of the following additional premises would most make this argument stronger? I have gotten good grades on all of the tests and papers so far in the class The premises of inductive arguments are intended to: . increase the likelihood that the conclusion is true “She is an adult female human. Therefore, she is a woman.” This argument is . an argument by definition This form of inductive argument moves from the specific to the general . inductive generalization What type of inductive argument is the following example? “Every cat I’ve tested hates citrus. Therefore, all cats hate citrus.” Inductive generalization What type of inductive argument is the following example? “My dog loves broccoli. Your dog probably will too.” Argument from analogy Inductive arguments aim for this type of connection between their premises and conclusions. A probable connection What type of inductive argument is the following example? “Three people have cut me off today. Therefore, drivers in this state are bad.” Inductive generalization “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal” is what type of argument? deductive “No dogs are reptiles. Some snakes are reptiles. Therefore, no dogs are snakes.” This argument is . a categorical argument In logic, arguments are best described as . providing reasons for a conclusion “I once went to a football game, and my team lost. So, the next time I go to one of their games they will lose again.” This is an example of a . weak inductive argument What type of inductive argument is the following example? “I liked Chinese food last week, so I will probably like it this time as well.” Argument from analogy This is a method by which one can strengthen an inductive argument. Adding supporting premises A sound argument is . a valid argument with true premises “Either Mike loves broccoli, or he will hate this