Elektronica-ICT
ROUTING AND SWITCHING
Cisco sees everything, knows everything
,Routing and Switching Elektronica-ICT
Inhoudstabel
H1: Routing Concepts ........................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Initial Configuration of a Router .................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Routing Decisions .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Routing Operation ......................................................................................................................... 6
H2: Static Routing ............................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Static Routing Implementation ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Configure Static and Default Routes ............................................................................................. 8
2.3 Review of CIDR and VLSM ............................................................................................................. 9
2.4 Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues .............................................................................. 9
H3: Routing Dynamically ................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols ......................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Distance Vector Dynamic Routing ............................................................................................... 12
3.3 RIP and RIPng Routing ................................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Link-State Dynamic Routing ........................................................................................................ 13
3.5 The Routing Table ........................................................................................................................ 14
H4: Switched Networks ................................................................................................... 15
4.1 LAN Design................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 The Switched Environment ......................................................................................................... 16
H5: Switch Concepts and Configuration ........................................................................... 17
5.1 Switch Boot Sequence ................................................................................................................. 17
5.2 Basic Switch Configuration .......................................................................................................... 17
5.3 Switch Security ............................................................................................................................ 18
5.4 Network Time Protocol (NTP) ..................................................................................................... 19
H6: VLANs & VLAN Security ............................................................................................. 19
6.1 VLAN Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19
6.2 VLAN Segmentation..................................................................................................................... 19
6.3 VLAN Implemention .................................................................................................................... 21
6.4 Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration............................................................................................... 22
6.5 Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing .......................................................................................... 24
H7: Acces Control Lists .................................................................................................... 25
7.1 IP ACL Operation ......................................................................................................................... 25
7.2 Standard IPv4 ACLs ...................................................................................................................... 27
7.3 Extended IPv4 ACLs ..................................................................................................................... 29
7.4 Troubleshoot ACLs....................................................................................................................... 30
H8: DHCP ........................................................................................................................ 31
1
,Routing and Switching Elektronica-ICT
8.1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 31
8.2 DHCPv4 ........................................................................................................................................ 31
8.3 DHCPv6 ........................................................................................................................................ 33
H9: Network Address Translation .................................................................................... 34
9.1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 34
9.2 NAT Operation ............................................................................................................................. 34
9.3 Configuratie van NAT................................................................................................................... 38
APPENDIX 1 : Basiskennis ................................................................................................ 40
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) ..................................................................................................... 40
TCP/IP model ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Subnetting ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Summary routes ................................................................................................................................ 41
Protocols en poortnummers ............................................................................................................. 41
APPENDIX 2: Commando’s .............................................................................................. 42
H1: Basic Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 42
H2: Static Routing .............................................................................................................................. 43
H3: Dynamic Routing ......................................................................................................................... 43
H4&5: Configuring Switches .............................................................................................................. 43
H6: VLANs .......................................................................................................................................... 44
H7: ACLs ............................................................................................................................................. 45
H8: DHCP ........................................................................................................................................... 45
H9: NAT.............................................................................................................................................. 46
2
, Routing and Switching Elektronica-ICT
H1: Routing Concepts
1.1 Initial Configuration of a Router
1.1.1 Eigenschappen van een netwerk
Er zijn veel toepassingen die afhangen van het netwerk, zoals internetapplicaties, IP-verkeer,
videogesprekken, gaming, e-commerce, etc. Dit zijn de belangrijkste eigenschappen wanneer
er over netwerken gesproken wordt:
• Topology: fysiek (cablemanagement, network devices en end systems) en logisch (het
pad dat de data aflegt)
• Speed: data rate in bits per seconde (b/s)
• Cost: de prijs van de netwerkcomponenten alsook het onderhoud ervan
• Security: de beveiliging van het netwerk en de informatie die er verstuurd wordt
• Availability: de kans dat het netwerk bruikbaar is wanneer het nodig is (up-time)
• Scalability: de mogelijkheid tot uitbereiding
• Reliability: de betrouwbaarheid van de netwerkcomponenten
1.1.2 Functies van een router
Een router heeft als functie om netwerken met elkaar te verbinden. Het bepaalt de beste
route om dataverkeer te versturen van punt A naar punt B. Dit zal de router doen aan de
hand van een routing protocol. Een router is eigenlijk gewoon een computer.
Een router heeft dus verschillende soorten geheugen dat elk zijn eigen functies vervult:
Memory Volatile / Non-Volatile Stores
RAM Volatile Running IOS
Running config file
IP routing and ARP tables
Packet buffer
ROM Non-Volatile Bootup instructions
Basic diagnostic software
Limited IOS
NVRAM Non-Volatile Startup config file
Flash Non-Volatile IOS
Other system files
Routers connecteren dus verschillende netwerken. Elke interface van een router stelt een
ander netwerk met een verschillende IP adres voor. De router moet dus het beste pad
bepalen om de data te versturen. Dit zal worden bepaald aan de hand van zijn routing table.
Er zijn verschillende soorten manier hoe een router de packets dan zal forwarden: process,
switching (ouder, nog steeds relevant), fast switching (veelgebruikt) en Cisco Express
Forwarding (recentste, snelste en geprefereerd door Cisco).
3
ROUTING AND SWITCHING
Cisco sees everything, knows everything
,Routing and Switching Elektronica-ICT
Inhoudstabel
H1: Routing Concepts ........................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Initial Configuration of a Router .................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Routing Decisions .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Routing Operation ......................................................................................................................... 6
H2: Static Routing ............................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Static Routing Implementation ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Configure Static and Default Routes ............................................................................................. 8
2.3 Review of CIDR and VLSM ............................................................................................................. 9
2.4 Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues .............................................................................. 9
H3: Routing Dynamically ................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols ......................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Distance Vector Dynamic Routing ............................................................................................... 12
3.3 RIP and RIPng Routing ................................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Link-State Dynamic Routing ........................................................................................................ 13
3.5 The Routing Table ........................................................................................................................ 14
H4: Switched Networks ................................................................................................... 15
4.1 LAN Design................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 The Switched Environment ......................................................................................................... 16
H5: Switch Concepts and Configuration ........................................................................... 17
5.1 Switch Boot Sequence ................................................................................................................. 17
5.2 Basic Switch Configuration .......................................................................................................... 17
5.3 Switch Security ............................................................................................................................ 18
5.4 Network Time Protocol (NTP) ..................................................................................................... 19
H6: VLANs & VLAN Security ............................................................................................. 19
6.1 VLAN Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19
6.2 VLAN Segmentation..................................................................................................................... 19
6.3 VLAN Implemention .................................................................................................................... 21
6.4 Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration............................................................................................... 22
6.5 Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing .......................................................................................... 24
H7: Acces Control Lists .................................................................................................... 25
7.1 IP ACL Operation ......................................................................................................................... 25
7.2 Standard IPv4 ACLs ...................................................................................................................... 27
7.3 Extended IPv4 ACLs ..................................................................................................................... 29
7.4 Troubleshoot ACLs....................................................................................................................... 30
H8: DHCP ........................................................................................................................ 31
1
,Routing and Switching Elektronica-ICT
8.1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 31
8.2 DHCPv4 ........................................................................................................................................ 31
8.3 DHCPv6 ........................................................................................................................................ 33
H9: Network Address Translation .................................................................................... 34
9.1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 34
9.2 NAT Operation ............................................................................................................................. 34
9.3 Configuratie van NAT................................................................................................................... 38
APPENDIX 1 : Basiskennis ................................................................................................ 40
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) ..................................................................................................... 40
TCP/IP model ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Subnetting ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Summary routes ................................................................................................................................ 41
Protocols en poortnummers ............................................................................................................. 41
APPENDIX 2: Commando’s .............................................................................................. 42
H1: Basic Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 42
H2: Static Routing .............................................................................................................................. 43
H3: Dynamic Routing ......................................................................................................................... 43
H4&5: Configuring Switches .............................................................................................................. 43
H6: VLANs .......................................................................................................................................... 44
H7: ACLs ............................................................................................................................................. 45
H8: DHCP ........................................................................................................................................... 45
H9: NAT.............................................................................................................................................. 46
2
, Routing and Switching Elektronica-ICT
H1: Routing Concepts
1.1 Initial Configuration of a Router
1.1.1 Eigenschappen van een netwerk
Er zijn veel toepassingen die afhangen van het netwerk, zoals internetapplicaties, IP-verkeer,
videogesprekken, gaming, e-commerce, etc. Dit zijn de belangrijkste eigenschappen wanneer
er over netwerken gesproken wordt:
• Topology: fysiek (cablemanagement, network devices en end systems) en logisch (het
pad dat de data aflegt)
• Speed: data rate in bits per seconde (b/s)
• Cost: de prijs van de netwerkcomponenten alsook het onderhoud ervan
• Security: de beveiliging van het netwerk en de informatie die er verstuurd wordt
• Availability: de kans dat het netwerk bruikbaar is wanneer het nodig is (up-time)
• Scalability: de mogelijkheid tot uitbereiding
• Reliability: de betrouwbaarheid van de netwerkcomponenten
1.1.2 Functies van een router
Een router heeft als functie om netwerken met elkaar te verbinden. Het bepaalt de beste
route om dataverkeer te versturen van punt A naar punt B. Dit zal de router doen aan de
hand van een routing protocol. Een router is eigenlijk gewoon een computer.
Een router heeft dus verschillende soorten geheugen dat elk zijn eigen functies vervult:
Memory Volatile / Non-Volatile Stores
RAM Volatile Running IOS
Running config file
IP routing and ARP tables
Packet buffer
ROM Non-Volatile Bootup instructions
Basic diagnostic software
Limited IOS
NVRAM Non-Volatile Startup config file
Flash Non-Volatile IOS
Other system files
Routers connecteren dus verschillende netwerken. Elke interface van een router stelt een
ander netwerk met een verschillende IP adres voor. De router moet dus het beste pad
bepalen om de data te versturen. Dit zal worden bepaald aan de hand van zijn routing table.
Er zijn verschillende soorten manier hoe een router de packets dan zal forwarden: process,
switching (ouder, nog steeds relevant), fast switching (veelgebruikt) en Cisco Express
Forwarding (recentste, snelste en geprefereerd door Cisco).
3
