BTEC Applied Science Unit 1 Chemistry questions and answers 2022/2023 (graded A)

How many electrons can an s subshell hold? 2 How many electrons can a p subshell hold? 6 How many electrons can a d subshell hold? 10 Which subshells are available in the first energy level? s Which subshells are available in the second energy level? s and p Which subshells are available in the third energy level? s, p and d What is Hund's rule? Orbitals must all be singly filled before they can be doubly occupied Which elements do not fill the 4s subshell before the 3d subshell? Copper and chromium Define the term ionic bond The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions What is the charge of an ion from group 1? +1 What is the charge of an ion from group 2? +2 What is the charge of an ion from group 6? -2 What is the charge of an ion from group 7? -1 Explain how atoms of sodium react with atoms of chlorine Na loses its 2s1 electron gaining a +ve charge. Cl gains an electron in the 3p subshell gaining a -ve charge. The opposite charges attract to form NaCl Why do ionic bonds have such high melting points? Each +ve ion is surrounded by 6 -ve ions and vice versa. Strong electrostatic attraction in every direction. Requires a large amount of energy to break State two factors that affect the strength of an ionic bond Size of ion and charge on ion When can ionic substances conduct electricity? When molten or in aqueous solution Describe the properties of ionic compounds Conduct electricity when molten or aqueous solution High melting/boiling points Usually soluble in water Define the term covalent bond A shared pair of electrons