LETRS: Unit 1 Assessment Questions and Answers Graded A

Many screening measures can be considered diagnostic since they provide extremely detailed data about a students skills in particular literacy domains. - ANSWER False If a student needs work on phonics and decoding, what kind of informal diagnostic assessment would provide the most useful information on how to help this student with these skills? - ANSWER A word-reading survey to show which sound-symbol correspondences the student knows and which ones still need practice. Which of the following is not an area of inquiry to include in a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of a potential reading disorder? - ANSWER social interactions Which of the following is an area of inquiry to include in a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of a potential reading disorder? - ANSWER spelling, handwriting, and single-word decoding Which of these literacy skills have students typically mastered by the end of third grade? - ANSWER advanced phonemic awareness, inflectional morphology, fluent recognition of word families (rime patterns) Cody is in first grade. He almost never raises his hand to participate in class discussions. When called on, he replies very briefly. He tends to use vague words like stuff and rarely uses full sentences. During decoding exercises, he reads words accurately and easily recognizes common patterns; he is a good speller. When he reads stories aloud, he reads fairly accurately but in an expressionless monotone. Which assessment would be most likely to yield valuable information about Cody? - ANSWER reading a story to him and having him orally retell it In what grade(s) is basic phonological awareness mainly practiced? - ANSWER K-1 In what grade(s) is phoneme-grapheme correspondences mainly practiced? - ANSWER K-2 In what grade(s) do most students have 300-500 sight words? - ANSWER 1-2 In what grade(s) is inflectional morphology mainly practiced? - ANSWER 1-3 In what grade(s) is advanced phonemic awareness mainly practiced? - ANSWER 2-3 In what grade(s) is common syllables and syllabification mainly practiced? - ANSWER 2-4 In what grade(s) is morphology derived from Anglo-Saxon and Latin mainly practiced? - ANSWER 3-6 In what grade(s) is Greek-derived morphemes mainly practiced? - ANSWER 5-7+ Large-scale studies have shown that about half of first-graders who struggle with reading will catch up by third grade without any special interventions. - ANSWER False What is the primary purpose of progress-monitoring assessments? - ANSWER They help teachers determine if a particular instructional approach is working to bring a student closer to a target level of reading skill. Which characteristics describe typical outcome assessments? - ANSWER designed to measure passage comprehension, useful for comparing individuals to norms for a given age or grade level Which is a common limitation of screening measures? - ANSWER Their conservative benchmarks result in false positives-children identified as poor readers even though they will later develop adequate reading skills. For an assessment to be useful in a school setting, which three psychometric criteria are the most important? - ANSWER reliable, valid, efficient Efficiency - ANSWER characteristic of assessments that can be given quickly at fairly low cost while yielding valuable information Validity - ANSWER Characteristic of assessments that measure what is intended, correspond well to other known measures, and predict fairly accurately how students will perform on accountability measures Reliability - ANSWER Characteristic of assessments that are likely to yield the same result if given several times on the same day in the same context Normed - ANSWER Characteristic of assessments that tell where a student stands in relation to others at his or her grade or age level. Diagnostic - ANSWER A test given by a speech-language pathologist to determine whether a student meets criteria for a specific disorder. Monitoring - ANSWER A test given every two weeks to determine whether a new reading program is helping at-risk students learn decoding skills Outcome - ANSWER A high-stakes state reading comprehension test administered to all students at the end of third grade Screening - ANSWER A test of foundational skills given three times during first grade to identify at-risk students In what grade(s) is common syllables and syllabification mainly practiced? - ANSWER 2-4 All but 2-5% of children can learn to read. - ANSWER True Dyslexia affects far more boys than girls. - ANSWER False A research-based curriculum alone can turn schools around. - ANSWER False School improvement requires long-term commitment. - ANSWER True Some very smart people have dyslexia. - ANSWER True Dyslexia may be inherited. - ANSWER True Children who can't read by age 9 never will. - ANSWER False Around 10-15% of the population have dyslexia. - ANSWER True Dyslexia is seeing things backwards. - ANSWER False You can't identify dyslexic children before they enter school. - ANSWER False Adopt - ANSWER Adopt a comprehensive core curriculum with strong phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and language-comprehension components. Teach it with fidelity. Identify - ANSWER Identify resources and procedures for delivering effective small-group or individual instruction to high-risk children in grades K-2. Assess - ANSWER Assess early reading growth regularly to ensure all children's needs are met. Ensure - ANSWER Ensure that all elements of any preventive effort are properly coordinated and executed. Develop - ANSWER Develop a realistic time frame for implementing all elements of a given program. Which of the following can pose challenges for readers who are English Learners (ELs)? - ANSWER -Compared to native English speakers, ELs have fewer English words in their phonological lexicons, ELs may encounter passages that do not align well with their culture and background knowledge, When they read, ELs must perform two tasks at once: deciphering words and translating content between English and their first language. About 10-15% of poor readers can decode and read individual words quickly and well and can spell accurately-yet struggle to comprehend the meanings of passages. This profile is typical of students with which coexisting disorder? - ANSWER Autism and autism spectrum disorders A student with dyslexia may also be intellectually gifted. - ANSWER True Students who are slow at word reading and text reading, but can segment and blend sounds orally, typically have better outcomes than students with phonological processing deficits. - ANSWER True Dyslexic is a term often applied to a large subset of poor readers. These readers' difficulties with accurate, fluent word recognition originate primarily with deficits in which of the following? - ANSWER phonological processing Dyslexia is mainly a reversal issue that involves seeing letters and/or numbers backward. - ANSWER False One main characteristic of dyslexia is difficulty with word recognition. - ANSWER True Dyslexic students may achieve higher scores on comprehension test that do not involve reading. - ANSWER True The term "dyslexia" should not be used in IEP documents. - ANSWER False Dyslexic students who are said to have a "double deficit" have weaknesses in which two areas? - ANSWER Phonological processing and naming-speed processing Orthographic Processing Deficit - ANSWER Difficulty with speed and accuracy of printed word recognition; also sometimes called a naming-speed problem or fluency problem Comprehension Deficit - ANSWER Vocabulary weaknesses, generalized language learning disorders, and learning difficulties that affect abstract reasoning and logical thinking Phonological deficit - ANSWER A core problem in the processing system that works with the sounds of oral language. A child who responds "Bow-wow!" when asked, "What is the first sound in dog?" is in the: - ANSWER pre-alphabetic stage. A child who seeing the word inactive, and figures out that it means "not active," is in the: - ANSWER consolidated alphabetic stage A child who comes across the new word house, but reads it as horse, is in the: - ANSWER early alphabetic stage A child sees the word savanna and sounds it out accurately. Which of Ehri's phases is she in? - ANSWER later alphabetic stage A significant shortcoming of the Three Cueing Systems model, compared to the Four-Part Processing Model, is that it obscures the role of ______ in word recognition. - ANSWER phonological processing Which best describes the activity of the reading brain in proficient readers, compared to beginning readers? - ANSWER It is more automatic. Which of these does the language-comprehension component of the Reading Rope emphasize? - ANSWER the importance of vocabulary development and of understanding language structures. The word-recognition component of the Reading Rope includes which sub-skills? - ANSWER Decoding, phonological awareness, sight recognition Good readers do not require a large storehouse of sight words in their memory if they have highly developed phonographic skills. - ANSWER False The area known as the visual word form area or "brain's letterbox" is located in the _____________ lobe and is essential to the _____________ processor. - ANSWER occipital; orthographic What are some symptoms of children who have trouble with phonological processing? - ANSWER slow to blend sounds in words together, difficulty remembering sounds for letters, trouble spelling speech sounds for words During reading, our eyes process each word letter by letter. - ANSWER True How many letters does the eye normally take in at each fixation point before moving onto the next fixation point? - ANSWER 7-9 to the right and 3-4 to the left Which is a characteristic of discourse in spoken language? - ANSWER It does not use paragraphs and tends to be disorganized. Which statement best describes the relative importance of oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension as factors in reading comprehension? - ANSWER As children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. Which of these is an example of morphology? - ANSWER We know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." Semantics - ANSWER The study of word and phrase meanings and relationships Morphology - ANSWER The study of meaningful units in a language and how the units are combined in word formation Pragmatics - ANSWER The system of rules and conventions for using language and related gestures in a social context. Orthography - ANSWER A writing system for representing language and the rules that govern it Syntax - ANSWER The system of rules governing permissible word order in sentences Phonology - ANSWER The rule system within a language by which phonemes can be sequenced, combined, and pronounced to make words. Discourse - ANSWER Organizational conventions used in longer segments of oral or written language Which statement most accurately describes how the human brain has evolved to process spoken and written language? - ANSWER Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. What characteristic makes English a "deep" alphabetic orthography? - ANSWER Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. According to the Simple View of Reading model, which is more important to reading comprehension- word recognition or language comprehension? - ANSWER Both are equally important. According to the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress, what percentage of 4th grade students have scores "basic" or "below basic" in reading? - ANSWER 64% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount. Phonics - ANSWER The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction. Phonemic awareness - ANSWER The conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds. Advantages of alphabetic writing systems - ANSWER represents language efficiently, allows for decoding of new words, has relatively few symbols to learn Disadvantages of alphabetic writing systems - ANSWER requires memory for abstract symbols, requires awareness of speech sounds, requires making new pathways in brain In comparison to other alphabetic languages, what feature of the English writing system makes English more difficult for young students to read and spell? - ANSWER It is morphophonemic What is one important distinction between the Four-Part Processing Model for Word Recognition and the Three Cueing Systems model? - ANSWER The Three Cueing Systems model omits or obscures the role of phonology. Many students at risk for reading problems enter school without exposure to the academic language used in books or preschool experience. These students are most likely to make progress closing the reading and language gap if their classroom instruction emphasizes which of the following? - ANSWER Both foundational reading skills and oral language development A kindergarten teacher is having students listen to three spoken words and identify the two words that end with the same sound. The teacher is focusing on which language system? - ANSWER phonology A second-grade teacher, in preparation for reading a new text about honeybees, asks the students to brainstorm all the meanings they know for the word comb. The teacher is primarily focusing on which language system? - ANSWER semantics