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Essentials of
Pathophysiology
Covers Modules 1, 2,
and 3
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Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of
pathophysiology include?
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in
physiologic function of living beings.
o Derives from 2 disciplines:
Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues,
and cells.
Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions.
o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology:
1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal
factors for Dz 2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial
stimulus to ultimate
manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE)
2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic,
exacerbation, remission, convalescence, and sequela
• Signs: objective/observed manifestations
o Ex: rash, change in temperature
• Symptoms: Subjective
o Ex: pain, nausea
• Acute: short-lived.
• Chronic: lasts for months/years
• Exacerbation: increase in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Convalescence: Stage of recovery
• Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
o
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of
disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and
tertiary as well as examples for each.
• Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution,
patterns and determinants of health and conditions in defined
populations.
o Primary level: altering susceptibility
a. Ex: Immunizations
o Secondary level” early detections/screenings
a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings
o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities)
a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke
• Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist.
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4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.
• Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal,
physiological equilibrium is maintained.
o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of
ECF
• Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis.
Adaptation to a changing internal and external environment
o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP
5. Review the three different stages of the General
Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage,
adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What
hormones are released during the alarm stage and what
effects do they have on the body?
• Three stages of GAS:
1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response.
2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems
to return to homeostasis
3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot
return to homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload
and organs tissues give out.
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
Downloaded by: Ariah |
Distribution of this document is illegal
Essentials of
Pathophysiology
Covers Modules 1, 2,
and 3
Downloaded by: Ariah |
Distribution of this document is illegal
, Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of
pathophysiology include?
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in
physiologic function of living beings.
o Derives from 2 disciplines:
Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues,
and cells.
Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions.
o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology:
1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal
factors for Dz 2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial
stimulus to ultimate
manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE)
2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic,
exacerbation, remission, convalescence, and sequela
• Signs: objective/observed manifestations
o Ex: rash, change in temperature
• Symptoms: Subjective
o Ex: pain, nausea
• Acute: short-lived.
• Chronic: lasts for months/years
• Exacerbation: increase in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Convalescence: Stage of recovery
• Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
o
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of
disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and
tertiary as well as examples for each.
• Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution,
patterns and determinants of health and conditions in defined
populations.
o Primary level: altering susceptibility
a. Ex: Immunizations
o Secondary level” early detections/screenings
a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings
o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities)
a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke
• Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist.
Downloaded by: Ariah |
Distribution of this document is illegal
, Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.
• Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal,
physiological equilibrium is maintained.
o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of
ECF
• Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis.
Adaptation to a changing internal and external environment
o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP
5. Review the three different stages of the General
Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage,
adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What
hormones are released during the alarm stage and what
effects do they have on the body?
• Three stages of GAS:
1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response.
2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems
to return to homeostasis
3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot
return to homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload
and organs tissues give out.
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
Downloaded by: Ariah |
Distribution of this document is illegal
