Criminology Notes Year 12:
Key Knowledge:RED
Keywords:BLUE
UNIT 1:CHANGING AWARENESS OF CRIME
UNIT 1.1:Different Types of Crime
For each type of crime the offence,examples,type of offender and public
awareness of the crime must be known
Most crimes will be CRIMINAL(GOES AGAINST LAWS OF A COUNTRY)
however some will also be DEVIANT(GOES AGAINST SOCIETY'S
NORMS AND VALUES)
TYPE OF CRIME:WHITE COLLAR CRIME
DEFINITION:NON VIOLENT CRIME COMMITTED FOR FINANCIAL GAIN
Type 1A:Organised Crime
DEFINITION:Criminal activities that are planned and controlled by powerful
groups and carried out on a large scale.
Examples:The Mafia,Triads,Yamaguchi Gumi/ Yakuza Case Study:The
Kray Twins in the 1960’s in the East End of London and their gang The
Firm.
Offender:Gang/Organised Crime syndicate
Victims:Not a specified victim but affects society in many ways with
various crimes e.g. drug trafficking and prostitution
Criminal/Deviant:Most likely criminal and deviant(being in a gang would
be perceived as deviant even if no crimes have been committed personally)
Level of Public Awareness:High due to media attention but low in
mainstream/local areas as crimes are often covert and the general public
are unaware they are taking place.
Type 1B:Corporate Crime
DEFINITION:Crimes committed by a business, or by an individual acting on
behalf of a corporation
Examples:Environmental crimes,manufacturing offences,labour law
violation,non compliance with paperwork,unfair trade practices,insider
trading, embezzlement, money laundering, forgery, bribing, etc. Example:
,An Italian company called Carbofin was hit with a $2.75 million criminal fine
for falsifying its records to hide the fact that it was using a device known as
a “magic hose” to dispose of sludge, waste oil and oil-contaminated bilge
water directly into the sea rather than using required pollution prevention
equipment.
Offender:Corporation or individual working under a corporation
Victims:Workers,society,the environment,people who invest in schemes
and lose money,the economy
Criminal/Deviant:Can be criminal and deviant
Level of Public Awareness:Low as many people may not realise they are
being victimised
Type 1C:Professional Crime
DEFINITION:Crimes committed by professionals,breaking the trust they
have from others
Examples:Bernie Madoff and Nick Leeson-other crimes include fraud,
embezzlement, money laundering ect.
Offender:Individual in their profession
Victims:People who invest in financial scheme(e.g. retired people and
pensioners)
Criminal/Deviant:Criminal if they involve defrauding customers-deviant if
they break the trust of those who invest
Level of Public Awareness:Low as the crime is often concealed through
complex transactions hidden to the public
TYPE OF CRIME:MORAL CRIME
DEFINITION:Actions and crimes that go against the morals of society
Examples:Underage Drinking,illegal drug use,assisted
suicide,prostitution,vagrancy ect. Moral Crimes can be very broad-also
include rape,paedophilia and incest. Case Study:Elizabeth Fritzel
Offender:Varies from crime to crime. The offender is likely to be in a
difficult situation, financially or personally, feeling vulnerable and without
options. Some crimes have been normalised(underage drinking) and can
be committed by anyone.
,Victims:These crimes are often seen as victimless crimes and the victim
can often be the offender as well
Criminal/Deviant:Likely to be both criminal and deviant
Level of Public Awareness: This is often low as many of the offences are
hidden from the offenders families. These types of crime are often ignored
by the public as they feel sympathy for the victims and therefore lack the
desire to report them to the police. The public many not realise behaviours
such as vagrancy are illegal.
TYPE OF CRIME:STATE CRIME
DEFINITION:Activities or failures that break the states own criminal law or
public international law
Examples:Torture or illegal treatment and punishment of
citizens,corruption,assasination or targeted killing,war
crimes,genocide,state sponsored terrorism. Examples:Rwandan(A
genocidal slaughter of the Tutsi by the Hutu government.-As many as
800,000 Tutsi's were slaughtered)and Bosnian Genocides + Nazi Germany
and the Holocaust
Offender:State leaders or government officials-Examples-Charles
Taylor(President of Liberia) accused of state crime for supporting rebels in
Sierra in exchange for blood diamonds.
Victims:Typically citizens of the country in question or those with a different
political or religious view to the corrupt government
Criminal/Deviant:Both criminal and deviant.
Level of Public Awareness:High as the extremity of the crimes brings
media attention-however news may not spread until after the events have
taken place so nothing can be done to prevent it
STATE CRIME AND HUMAN RIGHTS:States were able to be held
accountable with more ease after the UN developed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, designed to protect individuals from
oppressive regimes.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains a
list of freedoms which states are supposed to protect such as…
Article 4 – No one shall be held in slavery or servitude
, Article 5 – No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment
TYPE OF CRIME:TECHNOLOGICAL CRIME
DEFINITION:Offences committed using the internet or other technologies
Examples:Internet enabled fraud,downloading illegal material,use of social
media to promote hate crime,online trading of illicit goods,data
breaches,ransomware,identity theft
Offender:20-40s,intelligent,anyone well versed in technology-due to
globalisation they can live anywhere in the world
Victims:Over 60s, Under 10s, vulnerable people inexperienced with
computers-billions of people can be affected due to the large victim pool.
Criminal/Deviant:Both criminal and deviant
Level of Public Awareness:Can be age dependent(better awareness in
young adults) with relatively high awareness but low understanding due to
complex nature(people may not know they are being victimised )however
understanding is improving with increased media attention of cybercrime.
TYPE OF CRIME:INDIVIDUAL CRIME
DEFINITION:A CRIME WHERE THE OFFENDER CHOOSES HIS OR
HER VICTIM
TYPE A:HATE CRIME
DEFINITION:A crime that is perceived by the victim or others as being
motivated by prejudice or hate based on a person's RACE,GENDER
IDENTITY,RELIGION/BELIEF/,SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR DISABILITY.
Examples:Intimidation,harassment,damaging property,violence. Any crime
can be aggravated by hate or be seen as having a hate element
Case Study:Bijan Ebrahimi:Iranian refugee with learning disabilities killed
and set alight by his neighbors after multiple confrontations(14th July 2013)
Offender:Anyone holding some form of prejudicial view against someone
falling under the 5 strands mentioned and tends to be someone with
different views than the victims
Victims:Anyone who falls under the 5 strands or through association with
someone in those strands
Criminal/Deviant:Criminal and deviant
Key Knowledge:RED
Keywords:BLUE
UNIT 1:CHANGING AWARENESS OF CRIME
UNIT 1.1:Different Types of Crime
For each type of crime the offence,examples,type of offender and public
awareness of the crime must be known
Most crimes will be CRIMINAL(GOES AGAINST LAWS OF A COUNTRY)
however some will also be DEVIANT(GOES AGAINST SOCIETY'S
NORMS AND VALUES)
TYPE OF CRIME:WHITE COLLAR CRIME
DEFINITION:NON VIOLENT CRIME COMMITTED FOR FINANCIAL GAIN
Type 1A:Organised Crime
DEFINITION:Criminal activities that are planned and controlled by powerful
groups and carried out on a large scale.
Examples:The Mafia,Triads,Yamaguchi Gumi/ Yakuza Case Study:The
Kray Twins in the 1960’s in the East End of London and their gang The
Firm.
Offender:Gang/Organised Crime syndicate
Victims:Not a specified victim but affects society in many ways with
various crimes e.g. drug trafficking and prostitution
Criminal/Deviant:Most likely criminal and deviant(being in a gang would
be perceived as deviant even if no crimes have been committed personally)
Level of Public Awareness:High due to media attention but low in
mainstream/local areas as crimes are often covert and the general public
are unaware they are taking place.
Type 1B:Corporate Crime
DEFINITION:Crimes committed by a business, or by an individual acting on
behalf of a corporation
Examples:Environmental crimes,manufacturing offences,labour law
violation,non compliance with paperwork,unfair trade practices,insider
trading, embezzlement, money laundering, forgery, bribing, etc. Example:
,An Italian company called Carbofin was hit with a $2.75 million criminal fine
for falsifying its records to hide the fact that it was using a device known as
a “magic hose” to dispose of sludge, waste oil and oil-contaminated bilge
water directly into the sea rather than using required pollution prevention
equipment.
Offender:Corporation or individual working under a corporation
Victims:Workers,society,the environment,people who invest in schemes
and lose money,the economy
Criminal/Deviant:Can be criminal and deviant
Level of Public Awareness:Low as many people may not realise they are
being victimised
Type 1C:Professional Crime
DEFINITION:Crimes committed by professionals,breaking the trust they
have from others
Examples:Bernie Madoff and Nick Leeson-other crimes include fraud,
embezzlement, money laundering ect.
Offender:Individual in their profession
Victims:People who invest in financial scheme(e.g. retired people and
pensioners)
Criminal/Deviant:Criminal if they involve defrauding customers-deviant if
they break the trust of those who invest
Level of Public Awareness:Low as the crime is often concealed through
complex transactions hidden to the public
TYPE OF CRIME:MORAL CRIME
DEFINITION:Actions and crimes that go against the morals of society
Examples:Underage Drinking,illegal drug use,assisted
suicide,prostitution,vagrancy ect. Moral Crimes can be very broad-also
include rape,paedophilia and incest. Case Study:Elizabeth Fritzel
Offender:Varies from crime to crime. The offender is likely to be in a
difficult situation, financially or personally, feeling vulnerable and without
options. Some crimes have been normalised(underage drinking) and can
be committed by anyone.
,Victims:These crimes are often seen as victimless crimes and the victim
can often be the offender as well
Criminal/Deviant:Likely to be both criminal and deviant
Level of Public Awareness: This is often low as many of the offences are
hidden from the offenders families. These types of crime are often ignored
by the public as they feel sympathy for the victims and therefore lack the
desire to report them to the police. The public many not realise behaviours
such as vagrancy are illegal.
TYPE OF CRIME:STATE CRIME
DEFINITION:Activities or failures that break the states own criminal law or
public international law
Examples:Torture or illegal treatment and punishment of
citizens,corruption,assasination or targeted killing,war
crimes,genocide,state sponsored terrorism. Examples:Rwandan(A
genocidal slaughter of the Tutsi by the Hutu government.-As many as
800,000 Tutsi's were slaughtered)and Bosnian Genocides + Nazi Germany
and the Holocaust
Offender:State leaders or government officials-Examples-Charles
Taylor(President of Liberia) accused of state crime for supporting rebels in
Sierra in exchange for blood diamonds.
Victims:Typically citizens of the country in question or those with a different
political or religious view to the corrupt government
Criminal/Deviant:Both criminal and deviant.
Level of Public Awareness:High as the extremity of the crimes brings
media attention-however news may not spread until after the events have
taken place so nothing can be done to prevent it
STATE CRIME AND HUMAN RIGHTS:States were able to be held
accountable with more ease after the UN developed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, designed to protect individuals from
oppressive regimes.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains a
list of freedoms which states are supposed to protect such as…
Article 4 – No one shall be held in slavery or servitude
, Article 5 – No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment
TYPE OF CRIME:TECHNOLOGICAL CRIME
DEFINITION:Offences committed using the internet or other technologies
Examples:Internet enabled fraud,downloading illegal material,use of social
media to promote hate crime,online trading of illicit goods,data
breaches,ransomware,identity theft
Offender:20-40s,intelligent,anyone well versed in technology-due to
globalisation they can live anywhere in the world
Victims:Over 60s, Under 10s, vulnerable people inexperienced with
computers-billions of people can be affected due to the large victim pool.
Criminal/Deviant:Both criminal and deviant
Level of Public Awareness:Can be age dependent(better awareness in
young adults) with relatively high awareness but low understanding due to
complex nature(people may not know they are being victimised )however
understanding is improving with increased media attention of cybercrime.
TYPE OF CRIME:INDIVIDUAL CRIME
DEFINITION:A CRIME WHERE THE OFFENDER CHOOSES HIS OR
HER VICTIM
TYPE A:HATE CRIME
DEFINITION:A crime that is perceived by the victim or others as being
motivated by prejudice or hate based on a person's RACE,GENDER
IDENTITY,RELIGION/BELIEF/,SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR DISABILITY.
Examples:Intimidation,harassment,damaging property,violence. Any crime
can be aggravated by hate or be seen as having a hate element
Case Study:Bijan Ebrahimi:Iranian refugee with learning disabilities killed
and set alight by his neighbors after multiple confrontations(14th July 2013)
Offender:Anyone holding some form of prejudicial view against someone
falling under the 5 strands mentioned and tends to be someone with
different views than the victims
Victims:Anyone who falls under the 5 strands or through association with
someone in those strands
Criminal/Deviant:Criminal and deviant
