https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/A%20Level/Geography/2016/teaching-and-learning-materials/
Edexcel2016_ASandAlevelGeography_Topic4A_RegeneratingPlaces_TopicBooklet.pdf
4. Regeneration
4. 1. a. Sectors of the economy
The four (and an extra one) economic sectors are:
1. Primary: extraction of raw resources
- Examples: mining, fishing, forestry, agriculture…
- Rural areas tend to have more primary employment
- Usually offers low wages and manual work
- SW England
2. Secondary: manufacturing and processing
- Examples: building, steel industry, factory work, crafting…
- More common in northern cities of the UK but is in decline
- NE England
3. Tertiary: retail, services, office work...
- Jobs are concentrated in urban areas
- Wages vary a lot because the jobs have a large range (e.g. cleaner - minimum
wage and lawyers - high wages)
- SE England
4. Quaternary: intellectual and information services
- Examples: scientific research, development, ICT…
- Cambridge, E England
5. Quinary: management, consultancy, CEO…
- London, SE England
,Clark-Fisher Model
Show the
importance of the
different sectors of
the economy in
regards to % of
employment over
time.
UK stats:
1841: 2011:
Primary sector - 22% Primary - 1%
Secondary sector - 36% Secondary - 18%
Tertiary sector - 33% Tertiary - 81%
The types of employment are:
1. Part time/full time
2. Temporary/permanent
3. Employed/self employed
UK stats:
2015:
- 32 million workers
- 1.85m unemployed workers (5.6%)
- Main types of workers:
- With contracts (either permanent or fixed)
- 18.4 million - full time
- 9 million - part time (growing trend)
- Workers - agency staff and volunteers
- Self-employed
Controversial aspects of work:
- The gender gap: on average, men are paid 10% more than women
- Zero hour contracts: on-call work
- The living wage has to be paid
- Increasingly popular
- Illegal working (informal economy/black market) was made illegal in 2015
- Consists of mostly illegal migrants, often with low pay and poor conditions
- Temporary and seasonal work (e.g. tourism and agriculture) usually have low wages
,4. 1. b. Differences in economic activity
The transition into a post-industrial economy has not been equal across the whole of the UK.
This has led to whole areas having very high unemployment rates, which has created many
inequalities.
Differences in wages have developed as some areas have developed economically, for
example, the SW of England, whilst others have suffered from the impacts of globalisation and
consequently, deindustrialisation.
- London: most prosperous region
- Older industrial cities (S Wales, NW England, W Scotland): suffer from
deindustrialisation
Inequalities of pay correlate with the distribution of employment across the economic sectors
and quality of life.
- Poorest health: S Wales, NW England, W Scotland
- Best health: London
Within the most prosperous areas, there is inequality too. For example, in London, there are
still many people earning under the living wage, whilst there are people who are earning a lot
of money. And, according to the 2014 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, the fastest
growing rate of pay was for people who already earned well (insurance brokers - rise of 17%)
and the pay growth for low earners was much lower (waiters - fall of 11%).
Median earnings in the UK pattern:
In general, you can see how in the more southern parts of England, the median earnings are
higher than in the rest of the country. In what would be considered the richer areas, the median
earnings are £30k or higher. In the North, the median earning bracket is £17k-20k, and the
areas where median earnings are the lowest are usually coastal regions where the average
earning is under £17k.
Unemployment has an impact on health, life expectancy and education:
• Health: unemployment tends to strengthen the unhealthy habits people have, this will
make them have worse health, which will make it even harder for them to find a job as
their ability to work will be affected.
• Life expectancy: unemployment is likely to decrease your life expectancy. This is because
unemployment tends to heighten unhealthy habits people have like smoking and drinking.
• Education: growing in poverty will increase the chances of you dropping out of school.
Also, if your parents are unemployed they might not be able to pay for school or higher
education.
Reasons for the economic differences:
- Differences in educational levels
- Differences in the type of employment (both sectorial and contract-wise)
- Differences in health and life expectancy levels
, CS: Candem, London
- One of North London’s most deprived wards
- 34% of children live in poverty
- Unemployment of young people is higher than in the rest of the UK
- In 2013, 7% of young people did not work or were studying or in training
- Life expectancy has been increasing, in 2010 it was higher than the national average
- 43% of deaths were considered premature
- Causes of these deaths:
- Cardiovascular conditions
- Lung cancer
- Chronic cirrhosis of the liver
- Respiratory diseases
- Suicides
4. 1. c. Quality of life indices
Index of multiple deprivation (IMD): the official measure for relative deprivation for the
neighbourhoods of England. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
- Deprivation: the lack of material goods/services that are considered to be basic
necessities in a society.
- Relative: compared to other neighbourhoods
Aspects that make up the index:
● Health
● Employment
● Education
● Living environment
● Barriers to housing or services
● Income
● Crime
What it is used for:
- Comparing neighbourhoods across England and identifying the most deprived areas
- Identifying types of deprivation
- Looking at how deprivation patterns and levels change over time
Disadvantages:
- Quantifying how deprived a small area is
- Identifying deprived people
- Can’t compare with other countries
- Can’t measure real change
CS: IMD Cambridge vs Sheffield
Sheffield vs Cambridge
Edexcel2016_ASandAlevelGeography_Topic4A_RegeneratingPlaces_TopicBooklet.pdf
4. Regeneration
4. 1. a. Sectors of the economy
The four (and an extra one) economic sectors are:
1. Primary: extraction of raw resources
- Examples: mining, fishing, forestry, agriculture…
- Rural areas tend to have more primary employment
- Usually offers low wages and manual work
- SW England
2. Secondary: manufacturing and processing
- Examples: building, steel industry, factory work, crafting…
- More common in northern cities of the UK but is in decline
- NE England
3. Tertiary: retail, services, office work...
- Jobs are concentrated in urban areas
- Wages vary a lot because the jobs have a large range (e.g. cleaner - minimum
wage and lawyers - high wages)
- SE England
4. Quaternary: intellectual and information services
- Examples: scientific research, development, ICT…
- Cambridge, E England
5. Quinary: management, consultancy, CEO…
- London, SE England
,Clark-Fisher Model
Show the
importance of the
different sectors of
the economy in
regards to % of
employment over
time.
UK stats:
1841: 2011:
Primary sector - 22% Primary - 1%
Secondary sector - 36% Secondary - 18%
Tertiary sector - 33% Tertiary - 81%
The types of employment are:
1. Part time/full time
2. Temporary/permanent
3. Employed/self employed
UK stats:
2015:
- 32 million workers
- 1.85m unemployed workers (5.6%)
- Main types of workers:
- With contracts (either permanent or fixed)
- 18.4 million - full time
- 9 million - part time (growing trend)
- Workers - agency staff and volunteers
- Self-employed
Controversial aspects of work:
- The gender gap: on average, men are paid 10% more than women
- Zero hour contracts: on-call work
- The living wage has to be paid
- Increasingly popular
- Illegal working (informal economy/black market) was made illegal in 2015
- Consists of mostly illegal migrants, often with low pay and poor conditions
- Temporary and seasonal work (e.g. tourism and agriculture) usually have low wages
,4. 1. b. Differences in economic activity
The transition into a post-industrial economy has not been equal across the whole of the UK.
This has led to whole areas having very high unemployment rates, which has created many
inequalities.
Differences in wages have developed as some areas have developed economically, for
example, the SW of England, whilst others have suffered from the impacts of globalisation and
consequently, deindustrialisation.
- London: most prosperous region
- Older industrial cities (S Wales, NW England, W Scotland): suffer from
deindustrialisation
Inequalities of pay correlate with the distribution of employment across the economic sectors
and quality of life.
- Poorest health: S Wales, NW England, W Scotland
- Best health: London
Within the most prosperous areas, there is inequality too. For example, in London, there are
still many people earning under the living wage, whilst there are people who are earning a lot
of money. And, according to the 2014 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, the fastest
growing rate of pay was for people who already earned well (insurance brokers - rise of 17%)
and the pay growth for low earners was much lower (waiters - fall of 11%).
Median earnings in the UK pattern:
In general, you can see how in the more southern parts of England, the median earnings are
higher than in the rest of the country. In what would be considered the richer areas, the median
earnings are £30k or higher. In the North, the median earning bracket is £17k-20k, and the
areas where median earnings are the lowest are usually coastal regions where the average
earning is under £17k.
Unemployment has an impact on health, life expectancy and education:
• Health: unemployment tends to strengthen the unhealthy habits people have, this will
make them have worse health, which will make it even harder for them to find a job as
their ability to work will be affected.
• Life expectancy: unemployment is likely to decrease your life expectancy. This is because
unemployment tends to heighten unhealthy habits people have like smoking and drinking.
• Education: growing in poverty will increase the chances of you dropping out of school.
Also, if your parents are unemployed they might not be able to pay for school or higher
education.
Reasons for the economic differences:
- Differences in educational levels
- Differences in the type of employment (both sectorial and contract-wise)
- Differences in health and life expectancy levels
, CS: Candem, London
- One of North London’s most deprived wards
- 34% of children live in poverty
- Unemployment of young people is higher than in the rest of the UK
- In 2013, 7% of young people did not work or were studying or in training
- Life expectancy has been increasing, in 2010 it was higher than the national average
- 43% of deaths were considered premature
- Causes of these deaths:
- Cardiovascular conditions
- Lung cancer
- Chronic cirrhosis of the liver
- Respiratory diseases
- Suicides
4. 1. c. Quality of life indices
Index of multiple deprivation (IMD): the official measure for relative deprivation for the
neighbourhoods of England. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
- Deprivation: the lack of material goods/services that are considered to be basic
necessities in a society.
- Relative: compared to other neighbourhoods
Aspects that make up the index:
● Health
● Employment
● Education
● Living environment
● Barriers to housing or services
● Income
● Crime
What it is used for:
- Comparing neighbourhoods across England and identifying the most deprived areas
- Identifying types of deprivation
- Looking at how deprivation patterns and levels change over time
Disadvantages:
- Quantifying how deprived a small area is
- Identifying deprived people
- Can’t compare with other countries
- Can’t measure real change
CS: IMD Cambridge vs Sheffield
Sheffield vs Cambridge
