9th grade BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2022/2023

cell cycle - ANSWER process of cellular reproduction, occurring in the main stages — interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division). interphase - ANSWER first stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA. mitosis - ANSWER second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's replicated DNA divides genetically identically identical diploid daughter cells are produced. cytokinesis - ANSWER third main stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell. chromosome - ANSWER DNA- containing- structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another. chromatin - ANSWER relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of the cell. prophase - ANSWER first stage of mitosis, during which the cell's chromatin condenses int chromosomes. sister chromatid - ANSWER structure that contain identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication. centromere - ANSWER cell structure that joins 2 sister chromatid. spindle apparatus - ANSWER structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and steer fibers that is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides. metaphase - ANSWER second stage of mitosis in which motor proteins pull sister chromatids to the cell's equator. anaphase - ANSWER third stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. telophase - ANSWER last stage of mitosis in which nucleoli reappear. 2 new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided. cyclin - ANSWER one of the specific proteins that regulate the cell cycle. cyclin-dependent kinase - ANSWER enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle. cancer - ANSWER uncontrolled growth and division of cells that can be caused by changes in control of the cell cycle and also may be caused by environmental factors. carcinogen - ANSWER cancer- causing substance. apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death. stem cell - ANSWER unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions. crossing over - ANSWER exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair go homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis diploid - ANSWER having 2 copies of each chromosome. fertilization - ANSWER process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromosomes from the male parent gamete - ANSWER a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg. gene - ANSWER functional unit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another generation. haploid - ANSWER cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid z2n) cell. homologous - ANSWER one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location.