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Samenvatting Geschiedenis van het Oude Nabije Oosten (GONO)

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Deze samenvatting () heb ik gemaakt op basis van de slides, notities en het boek. Het bevat alle belangrijke casussen die je op het examen zal moeten kennen. Ik haalde met deze samenvatting hoogste onderscheiding, dus alle informatie die je moet kennen staat hierin.

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Geschiedenis van het Oude
Nabije Oosten
Samenvatting | Prof. Katrien De Graef | 2021-2022

,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Introductie................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1. Oude Nabije Oosten? Wat is het? ................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Welke bronnen hebben we? ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Geografie: waar bevinden we ons? ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Chronologie van Mesopotamië ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.5. Prehistorische Ontwikkelingen (foutmarge groot > geen geschreven bronnen) ............................................. 7
2. Origins: Het Uruk-Fenomeen ................................................................................................................... 11
2.1. Stedelijke Revolutie ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Ontwikkeling van het schrift en administratie .............................................................................................. 13
3. Concurrerende Stadstaten: VROEG DYNASTISCHE PERIODE ...................................................................... 17
3.1. Chronologisch en Historisch Kader ............................................................................................................... 17
3.2. Welke bronnen hebben we? ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.3. Socio-Politiek Kader (cf. Ontwikkeling Schrift) .............................................................................................. 19
3.4. Socio-Economisch kader ............................................................................................................................... 23
4. Politieke Centralisatie in het Late 3de millennium.................................................................................... 24
4.1. Algemeen kader: 2 Dynastieën Akkad en Ur III ............................................................................................. 24
4.2. Welke bronnen hebben we van elke dynastie? ............................................................................................ 25
4.3. Akkad: centralisatie op vele vlakken ............................................................................................................. 26
4.3.1. Politieke centralisatie .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.2. Administratieve centralisatie en standaardisering ........................................................................................ 26
4.3.3. Ideologische centralisatie ............................................................................................................................. 26
4.4. Einde akkad periode...................................................................................................................................... 27
4.5. Ur III: Centralistatie op vele vlakken ............................................................................................................. 28
4.5.1. Politieke centralisatie .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.5.2. Administratieve en economische uniformiteit en standaardisering ............................................................. 28
4.5.3. Ideologisch centralisatie en standaardisering ............................................................................................... 28
4.6. Einde Ur III Periode ....................................................................................................................................... 29
4.7. Casestudy: Enheduana: dochter en priesteres .............................................................................................. 30
5. Vroege 2de millennium: fragmentatie en centralisatie .............................................................................. 32
5.1. Algemeen kader ............................................................................................................................................ 32
5.2. Welke bronnen hebben we? ......................................................................................................................... 32
5.3. Sedentairen vs. semi-nomaden..................................................................................................................... 33
5.4. 2000-1800: Fragmentatie en decentralisatie ................................................................................................ 35
5.4.1. Isin Dynastie ZUID-mesopotamiË............................................................................................................. 36
5.4.2. Larsa Dynastie ZUID-MESOPOTAMIË ....................................................................................................... 36
5.4.3. Marad dynastie ZUID-MESOPOTAMIË ...................................................................................................... 36
5.4.4. Economische bloei stadstaten ...................................................................................................................... 38
5.5. 1800 – 1600: centralisatie ............................................................................................................................. 38
5.5.1. Koninkrijk van Opper-Mesopotamië ............................................................................................................. 38

, 5.5.2. Oud-Hettitische Rijk ...................................................................................................................................... 38
5.5.3. Oud-Babylonische Rijk .................................................................................................................................. 39
5.6. Dark Age........................................................................................................................................................ 39
5.7. Casestudy: Codex van Hammurabi................................................................................................................ 40
5.8. Casestudy: Ur-Uttu ....................................................................................................................................... 41
6. Het Gilgamesh Epos ................................................................................................................................ 42
6.1. Wat weten we van gilgamesh? ..................................................................................................................... 42
6.2. Oorsprong van het epos ................................................................................................................................ 42
6.3. Evolutie van het epos .................................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.1. Standaardversie van het epos ....................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.2. Tablet V: Nieuwe passages en volgorde ........................................................................................................ 43
6.4. Voorlopers van de Standaardversie .............................................................................................................. 43
6.4.1. Archaïsche narratieve Sumerische composities ............................................................................................ 43
6.4.2. Sumerische (Bilgames) Cyclus: 5 gedichten .................................................................................................. 43
6.4.3. Oud-Babylonische versies ............................................................................................................................. 44
6.4.4. Midden-Babylonische versies ....................................................................................................................... 45
6.5. Thema’s, motieven en symbolen .................................................................................................................. 45
6.5.1. Thema’s ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
6.5.2. Motieven....................................................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.3. Symbolen ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
7. Diplomatie & oorlog: club van de grote machthebbers ............................................................................. 47
7.1. Welke bronnen hebben we voorhanden?..................................................................................................... 47
7.2. Socio-politiek kader ...................................................................................................................................... 48
7.3. bespreking staten ......................................................................................................................................... 50
7.3.1. Hoerritische/Mittani rijk ............................................................................................................................... 50
7.3.2. Hettieten/Hatti ............................................................................................................................................. 51
7.3.3. Levant (verzameling kleine vazal/stadstaatjes) ............................................................................................. 51
7.3.4. Babylonië ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.3.5. Assyrië........................................................................................................................................................... 53
7.3.6. Elam .............................................................................................................................................................. 54
7.4. Casestudy: Amarna Brieven .......................................................................................................................... 55
8. Ondergang (einde 2de millennium) ........................................................................................................... 56
8.1. Welke bronnen hebben we voorhanden?..................................................................................................... 56
8.2. Chronologisch kader ..................................................................................................................................... 56
8.3. ‘Bronze Age Collapse’ 1200 – 1100 ............................................................................................................ 56
8.3.1. Verklaringen voor verval ............................................................................................................................... 56
8.3.2. Mycene (deel van territoriale staten) ........................................................................................................... 57
8.3.3. Hettitische Rijk (Anatolië) ............................................................................................................................. 58
8.3.4. Levant ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
8.3.5. Egypte ........................................................................................................................................................... 59

, 8.3.6. Assyrië (Midden-Assyrische Rijk) .................................................................................................................. 59
8.3.7. Babylonië ...................................................................................................................................................... 59
8.3.8. Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 60
8.4. ‘Dark Age’ 1100 – 900............................................................................................................................... 60
8.4.1. Inleiding: belangrijke aspecten van deze periode ......................................................................................... 60
8.4.2. Ontwikkeling schriftpraktijk en alfabet ......................................................................................................... 60
8.4.3. Ontwikkeling alfabet ..................................................................................................................................... 60
8.4.4. Ontwikkeling metallurgie .............................................................................................................................. 61
8.4.5. Domesticatie kameel .................................................................................................................................... 62
8.4.6. Socio-ethische veranderingen ....................................................................................................................... 62
8.5. Heropbouw (Assyrische Rijk deel 1) 900 – 600 ............................................................................................. 62
8.5.1. Het westen .................................................................................................................................................... 63
8.5.2. Besluit westen ............................................................................................................................................... 65
8.5.3. Het oosten .................................................................................................................................................... 65
9. Assyrische werelddominantie (fase 2)...................................................................................................... 68
9.1. Het Militarisme ............................................................................................................................................. 68
9.1.1. Tactiek van Terreur ....................................................................................................................................... 69
9.1.2. Tactiek van Deportaties ................................................................................................................................ 69
9.2. Rijksorganisatie en expansie ......................................................................................................................... 70
9.2.1. Organisatie .................................................................................................................................................... 70
9.2.2. Expansie ........................................................................................................................................................ 71
9.3. Bouwwerken ................................................................................................................................................. 72
9.3.1. Bibliotheek van Ashurbanipal (Niniveh) ........................................................................................................ 73
9.4. De Val van het Assyrische Rijk ....................................................................................................................... 74
9.5. Casestudy: De hangende tuinen van babylon ............................................................................................... 74
9.5.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
9.5.2. Op welke bronnen baseren we ons? ............................................................................................................. 75
9.5.3. Welke opgravingen vonden er al plaats? ...................................................................................................... 75
9.5.4. Watertoevoer? Sennacherib’s waterschroef ................................................................................................ 76
9.5.5. Probleem 1: Link tussen Niniveh en de klassieke auteurs ............................................................................. 76
9.5.6. Probleem 2: Babylon vs. Niniveh? ................................................................................................................. 77
9.5.7. Probleem 3: Legende van Semiramis ............................................................................................................ 77
9.5.8. Probleem 4: Geografie Assyrië vs. Babylonië ................................................................................................ 78
9.5.9. Probleem 5: Verwoesting Niniveh in 612? .................................................................................................... 78
9.5.10. Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 78
10. Neo-Babylonië en het Perzische Rijk ........................................................................................................ 79
10.1. Inleiding Babylonië........................................................................................................................................ 79
10.1.1. Val Neo-Assyrische Rijk ................................................................................................................................. 79
10.2. Neo-Babylonische Rijk................................................................................................................................... 79
10.2.1. Val Neo-Babylonische Rijk (cf. Casestudy Cirus Cilinder) .............................................................................. 81
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