HCR 240 Module 11 Final Exam 2022

HCR 240 Module 11 Final Exam 2022. A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Which of the following events initiates the process of atherosclerosis? A) Oxidation of LDL in the vessel wall Feedback: INCORRECT Oxidation of LDL in the vessel wall occurs after endothelial injury and the release of cytokines. B) Formation of the fatty streak in the tunica media Feedback: INCORRECT Formation of the fatty streak occurs after endothelial injury and the oxidation of LDL in the vessel wall. C) Thrombosis in the vessel lumen Feedback: INCORRECT Thromboses often form in arteries that have been damaged by atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury and the subsequent release of cytokines are the events that initiate atherosclerosis. D) Endothelial injury and release of cytokines Feedback: CORRECT Endothelial injury and the subsequent release of cytokines are the events that initiate atherosclerosis. Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 Correct Answer(s): D 2. Which is the most common consequence the nurse should monitor for in a patient with atherosclerosis? A) Increased blood flow through the diseased vessels. Feedback: INCORRECT Smooth muscle proliferations, fibrosis, and calcification in atherosclerosis all reduce the size of the blood vessel lumen. As a result, blood flow to distal organs is reduced. B) Formation of aneurysms. Feedback: INCORRECT Smooth muscle proliferations, fibrosis, and calcification in atherosclerosis all reduce the size of the blood vessel lumen. Although aneurysms can occur in a weakened vessel, lumen obstruction is the most common occurrence. C) Autoimmune destruction of the vessel wall. Feedback: INCORRECT Smooth muscle proliferations, fibrosis, and calcification in atherosclerosis all reduce the size of the blood vessel lumen. Autoimmune factors can precipitate the development of atherosclerosis but are not a consequence of the disease process. D) Obstruction of the blood vessel lumen. Feedback: CORRECT Smooth muscle proliferations, fibrosis, and calcification in atherosclerosis all reduce the size of the blood vessel lumen. Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 Correct Answer(s): D 3. A patient has atherosclerosis. Which factor associated with endothelial injury will the nurse observe written in the history? A) Anemia Feedback: INCORRECT Although anemia can lead to hypoxia in the peripheral tissues, it is not associated with endothelial injury and the development of atherosclerosis. Autoimmune factors, infectious microorganisms, and smoking are among the possible causes of endothelial injury. B) Autoimmunity Feedback: CORRECT Autoimmune factors, infectious microorganisms, and smoking are among the possible causes of endothelial injury. C) BP 110/70 Feedback: INCORRECT Hypertension is associated with atherosclerosis. Autoimmune factors, infectious microorganisms, and smoking are among the possible causes of endothelial injury. D) Nonsmoker Feedback: INCORRECT Autoimmune factors, infectious microorganisms, and smoking are among the possible causes of endothelial injury. Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 Correct Answer(s): B 4. A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Which information should the nurse include? The main white blood cell that plays a role in the development of the fatty streak in atherosclerosis is the: A) mast cell. Feedback: INCORRECT Macrophages phagocytose lipids in the tunica media of the vessel wall and accumulate, forming the fatty streak. B) neutrophil. Feedback: INCORRECT Macrophages phagocytose lipids in the tunica media of the vessel wall and accumulate, forming the fatty streak. C) macrophage. Feedback: CORRECT Macrophages phagocytose lipids in the tunica media of the vessel wall and accumulate, forming the fatty streak. D) lymphocyte. Feedback: INCORRECT Macrophages phagocytose lipids in the tunica media of the vessel wall and accumulate, forming the fatty streak.