Summary Multinationals (2021/2022)

Multinationals
Chapter 1: Globalization and introduction to IB

Terminology: what is IB?
 International business (= IB)
= Firms that engage in international or cross-border economic activities

 Global business
= Business around the globe ( Domestic + international business)

 Multinational enterprise (= MNE)
= Firms that engage in foreign direct investment

 Foreign direct investment (= FDI)
= Investment in controlling and managing value-added activities in other countries

Economic terms
 Gross national product (= GNP)
= Sum of value added by resident firms, households, and the government in an economy

 Gross domestic product (= GDP)
= Total market value of all final goods/services produced within a country

 Gross national income (= GNI)
= GDP + income from non-resident sources abroad

 Purchasing power parity (= PPP)
= Adjustments made to GDP to reflect differences in cost of living between countries

Core perspectives
 What determines the success/failure of firms around the globe?
- 2 perspectives/frameworks (to answer this question)
- Institution-based view
- Resource-based view
- These views are often complementary

 Institution-based view
- Companies are successful abroad if they possess good knowledge about the formal and
informal rules of the game
- Formal rules  National legislation and local political/economical system
- Informal rules  Local culture, values & norms, local customs, …

 Resource-based view
- Focus on internal resources and capabilities of a firm ( Firm-specific resources)
- Domestic companies don’t suffer from the liability of outsidership
- Liability of outsidership  Distant origin and lack of local/nearby experience
- Primary weapon of foreign firms  Overwhelming resources and capabilities

,What is globalization?
 Different definitions of globalization ( Both positive & negative)
- Accelerated spread of communication and transportation technology
- Rising power of MNE’s (+ increased inequality in the world)
- Increased competition for jobs ( Especially for low skilled workers)
- Elimination of differences among national cultures and identities
- A process leading to greater interdependence and mutual awareness

 3 different views on globalization
1) The world is flat  Globalization is advanced and inevitable (Friedman, 2005)
2) The world is spiky  Globalization is concentrated and stable (Florida, 2005)
3) Semi-globalization  Globalization is partial and limited (Ghemawat, 2007)

 How to measure?
- Compute/compare the transnationality index of MNE’s
- Transnationality index (= TNE)  Mean of 3 different ratios
- Ratio of foreign assets over total assets
- Ratio of foreign sales over total sales
- Ratio of foreign employment over total employment

De-globalization and political pressure of protectionism
 De-globalization is happening (at the same time) due to
- Protectionism
- Trade wars
- Political polarization
- Fragmentation of society
- Conflicts
-…

 2 major views
- Liberalism  Reversal of globalization is result of domestic political pressure
- Realism  Reversal of globalization is result of end of US hegemony + rise of China

 Globalization evolves in waves
- Major peak in late 19th and early 20th century
- Recent wave of globalization  Rising powers of emerging economies ( Volatile)

 Examples
- Brexit  Protectionism within the EU
- Chinese investment in Europe and North America is decreasing significantly
- Global FDI inflows are expected to decrease the following years

, Chapter 2: Formal institutions

Institution-base view
- Success/failure of firms is enabled/constrained by institutions
- Sufficient knowledge about formal/informal rules of the game is required

 Institutional framework
- Formal/informal institutions governing individual and firm behavior
- Institutional framework is different for each country
- Firms need to possess good knowledge about this framework to succeed

 Transaction costs
- The costs of doing business
- Different costs associated with economic transactions
- Transaction costs are the result of uncertainty
- Transaction costs increase if institutions do not function properly

 Opportunism
- Act of actively seeking self-interest
- People act generally will act in their own self-interest

 Formal institutions ( Regulatory pillar)
- Generally governmental institutions
- Laws
- Regulations
- Rules

 Informal institutions ( Normative + cognitive pillar)
- Concerns behavior that is morally right/wrong + what is important to society
- Norms ( Values, beliefs & actions)
- Ethics
- Culture

 Problem?  Institutional transactions
= Fundamental changes to formal/informal institutions that affect firms

 3 pillars
- Regulatory Pillar  Coercive power of governments (+ governmental sanctioning)
- Normative Pillar  External norms that influence individual + firm behavior
- Cognitive Pillar  Internalized values & beliefs that guide behavior (+ awareness of norms)

 Key role of an institution is to reduce uncertainty
- Uncertainty increases transaction costs + reduces willingness for LT-investment
- Institutional frameworks reduce opportunistic behavior by establishing rules
- Institutions change/evolve over time ( Especially in emerging economies)
- Institutional transition  Changes to formal/informal institutions that affect firms
 2 core propositions of institution-based view