PE Paper 1 Notes -
Muscular System -
● Sternocleidomastoid - helps with breathing process
● Deltoid - abduction of shoulder (outward phase of star jump)
● Rotator cuff - stabilising muscle allowing rotation (throwing a javelin)
● Pectorals - adduction of shoulder (upwards phase of press up)
● Intercostals - assists with breathing
● Triceps - extend the elbow (shooting in netball)
● Biceps - flex the elbow (drawing bow in archery)
● Abdominals -flex the trunk across stomach (sit up)
● Latissimus dorsi - adduction of shoulder (butterfly stroke in swimming)
● Quadriceps - extend the knee (kicking a ball)
● Hamstrings - flex the knee (hamstring curl on weights machine)
● Gastrocnemius - plantar flexion of ankle (standing on tiptoe to mark in netball)
● Tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion of ankle (foot making contact with football)
Muscle contractions -
Isotonic contractions -
● Muscle contracts and changes length
Concentric -
● Involves muscle shortening
● Origin and insertion of muscle move closer together and muscle becomes fatter
Eccentric -
● Involves muscle lengthening
● Origin and insertion moving further away from each other
● Provides control of movement on the downward phase and it works to resist force of
gravity
Isometric contraction -
● When the muscle producing tension but staying the same length
● Occurs when the body is fixed in one position
● An example of this is a gymnast holding a crucifix position or handstand
Antagonistic muscle pairs -
● In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts contract, the other muscle
relaxes and lengthens
● The contracting muscle is called the agonist
● The muscle that relaxes and lengthens is the antagonist
Pairs -
● Biceps and triceps
● Hamstrings and quadriceps
● Glutes and hip flexors
, ● Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
● Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
Skeletal system -
Type of bone -
● Long - found in limbs and their main function is to act as a lever (femur)
● Short - small and compact, designed for strength and weight bearing (carpals)
Types of synovial joints -
Hinge -
● Found in elbow, knee and ankle
● Allows flexion and extension of a joint
Ball and socket -
● Found in shoulder and hip
● Allow flexion, extension, adduction and abduction and rotation
Functions of the skeleton -
Movement -
● Allows movement of the body as a whole
● Bones acts as a lever
● Forms joints that allow muscles to pull on them to produce joint movements
Support -
● Skeleton keeps the body upright
● Provides a framework for muscle and tissue attachment
Protection -
● Bones of the skeleton protect the internal organs
● Reduce risk of injury on impact
Production of blood cells -
● Certain bones in the skeleton contain red bone marrow which produces red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets
Mineral storage -
● The bones are made of minerals and acts as a mineral storage for calcium and
phosphorus, which can be given if the body requires the minerals for other functions
Structural shape -
● The skeleton provides the human shape and determines the height of a person
Role of joints -
● Connective tissues consists ligaments, cartilage and tendons
● A joint is held together by ligaments which gives the joints their stability
, ● Cartilage is found at the ends of bones where joints meet
● Tendons attach muscles to the skeleton
Types of joint movements -
● Flexion - bending a joint, where the angle of a joint decreases (bicep curl)
● Extension - straightening a joint, where the angle of a joint increases (putting a shot)
● Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body (upwards phase of star
jump)
● Adduction - movement towards the midline of the body (downward phase of star
jump)
● Rotation - where the limb moves in a circular movement around a joint (drive shot in
golf)
● Plantar flexion - pointing the toes (pointing toes in ballet)
● Dorsiflexion - foot moving upwards (pulling toes up)
Movement analysis -
Levers consists of -
● A rigid structure (bone)
● Force acting upon it (muscle) to produce a turning movement
● A fulcrum which is a fixed point (joint)
● A load or resistance that is placed on the rigid structure (weight of body part being
moved and anything it is carrying)
First class lever -
● Fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load
● Anything to do with the neck
● Heading a football - neck muscles provide the effort, neck is the fulcrum and the
weight of the head is the load
Second class lever -
● Load is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort, found in the ankle area
● Standing on tiptoe - ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum, weight of the body acts as the
load and the effort comes from the contraction of gastrocnemius
● Used when taking off for a jump or pushing against the blocks in a starting sprint
Third class lever -
● Effort is in the middle, between the fulcrum and the load
● Biceps curl - fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort is the biceps contracting and the
resistance is the weight of the forearm and any other weight of the forearm and any
other weight it may be holding
Mechanical advantage -
● When the lever can overcome a large load with relatively little effort
● Very useful for joints which are weight bearing as they have to overcome the weight
of the whole body
● Mechanical advantage = effort arm / resistance arm
Muscular System -
● Sternocleidomastoid - helps with breathing process
● Deltoid - abduction of shoulder (outward phase of star jump)
● Rotator cuff - stabilising muscle allowing rotation (throwing a javelin)
● Pectorals - adduction of shoulder (upwards phase of press up)
● Intercostals - assists with breathing
● Triceps - extend the elbow (shooting in netball)
● Biceps - flex the elbow (drawing bow in archery)
● Abdominals -flex the trunk across stomach (sit up)
● Latissimus dorsi - adduction of shoulder (butterfly stroke in swimming)
● Quadriceps - extend the knee (kicking a ball)
● Hamstrings - flex the knee (hamstring curl on weights machine)
● Gastrocnemius - plantar flexion of ankle (standing on tiptoe to mark in netball)
● Tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion of ankle (foot making contact with football)
Muscle contractions -
Isotonic contractions -
● Muscle contracts and changes length
Concentric -
● Involves muscle shortening
● Origin and insertion of muscle move closer together and muscle becomes fatter
Eccentric -
● Involves muscle lengthening
● Origin and insertion moving further away from each other
● Provides control of movement on the downward phase and it works to resist force of
gravity
Isometric contraction -
● When the muscle producing tension but staying the same length
● Occurs when the body is fixed in one position
● An example of this is a gymnast holding a crucifix position or handstand
Antagonistic muscle pairs -
● In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts contract, the other muscle
relaxes and lengthens
● The contracting muscle is called the agonist
● The muscle that relaxes and lengthens is the antagonist
Pairs -
● Biceps and triceps
● Hamstrings and quadriceps
● Glutes and hip flexors
, ● Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
● Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
Skeletal system -
Type of bone -
● Long - found in limbs and their main function is to act as a lever (femur)
● Short - small and compact, designed for strength and weight bearing (carpals)
Types of synovial joints -
Hinge -
● Found in elbow, knee and ankle
● Allows flexion and extension of a joint
Ball and socket -
● Found in shoulder and hip
● Allow flexion, extension, adduction and abduction and rotation
Functions of the skeleton -
Movement -
● Allows movement of the body as a whole
● Bones acts as a lever
● Forms joints that allow muscles to pull on them to produce joint movements
Support -
● Skeleton keeps the body upright
● Provides a framework for muscle and tissue attachment
Protection -
● Bones of the skeleton protect the internal organs
● Reduce risk of injury on impact
Production of blood cells -
● Certain bones in the skeleton contain red bone marrow which produces red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets
Mineral storage -
● The bones are made of minerals and acts as a mineral storage for calcium and
phosphorus, which can be given if the body requires the minerals for other functions
Structural shape -
● The skeleton provides the human shape and determines the height of a person
Role of joints -
● Connective tissues consists ligaments, cartilage and tendons
● A joint is held together by ligaments which gives the joints their stability
, ● Cartilage is found at the ends of bones where joints meet
● Tendons attach muscles to the skeleton
Types of joint movements -
● Flexion - bending a joint, where the angle of a joint decreases (bicep curl)
● Extension - straightening a joint, where the angle of a joint increases (putting a shot)
● Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body (upwards phase of star
jump)
● Adduction - movement towards the midline of the body (downward phase of star
jump)
● Rotation - where the limb moves in a circular movement around a joint (drive shot in
golf)
● Plantar flexion - pointing the toes (pointing toes in ballet)
● Dorsiflexion - foot moving upwards (pulling toes up)
Movement analysis -
Levers consists of -
● A rigid structure (bone)
● Force acting upon it (muscle) to produce a turning movement
● A fulcrum which is a fixed point (joint)
● A load or resistance that is placed on the rigid structure (weight of body part being
moved and anything it is carrying)
First class lever -
● Fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load
● Anything to do with the neck
● Heading a football - neck muscles provide the effort, neck is the fulcrum and the
weight of the head is the load
Second class lever -
● Load is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort, found in the ankle area
● Standing on tiptoe - ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum, weight of the body acts as the
load and the effort comes from the contraction of gastrocnemius
● Used when taking off for a jump or pushing against the blocks in a starting sprint
Third class lever -
● Effort is in the middle, between the fulcrum and the load
● Biceps curl - fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort is the biceps contracting and the
resistance is the weight of the forearm and any other weight of the forearm and any
other weight it may be holding
Mechanical advantage -
● When the lever can overcome a large load with relatively little effort
● Very useful for joints which are weight bearing as they have to overcome the weight
of the whole body
● Mechanical advantage = effort arm / resistance arm
