CMY3706 Contemporary Criminological Issues (essay questions)EXAM PACK 2022.

CMY3706 Contemporary Criminological Issues (essay questions)EXAM PACK 2022. CMY3706 essay questions 25 marks • Detailed discussion of the modus operandi of CIT robbers based on Thobane’s research According to Esterhuysen, there are two forms of CIT attacks: 1. Takes place on the road, when the security van is en-route to deliver or collect cash and cash is forcibly removed. 2. Takes place when cash is taken as CIT personnel member carries it from the security van and carries it to the bank. HÜbschle explains that the probability of a robbery being successful depends on how accurately it was planned. The planning includes casing (replacing) the target, choosing gang members, weapons, getaway vehicles and disguises; assessing security measure used by the target and how they can be bypassed and the allocation of tasks. According to Thobane, CIT robbers take about 1 week-2 months to plan their attack. The planning depends on the difficulty of the job and the availability of inside information. CIT robbers worked hand in with bank or CIT employees who provided them with information such as the layout of the bank, when the AV will be delivering the cash, how much is in the AV, who is on duty and which route the AV will take. The insider is given a percentage of the cash from the robbers for their information. Recruiting members into the gang is one of the most NB aspects of the planning process. Members are recruited if they have certain expertise, possess resources which are in demand and have particular character traits. There is no leader, and anyone is allowed to join if they can meet the above criteria. A typical CIT gang consisted of 6 members, but they may recruit members from other gangs to assist them if the need arises. A highway robbery will need a bigger group of 10-15 members whereas in places on the outskirts of big cities or in rural areas, only 5-6 people are needed to commit a CIT robbery. Otu warns that armed robberies are committed in a syndicated manner and thus networking is an important aspect of this type of crime. An employee of the bank/CIT company who networks with the robbers is called the “finger man” or “tsharo”. According to Thobane: AK47s,R5s,R1s, CZs, handguns, revolvers, machine guns, knives, crowbars, iron scissors and spiked chains are the weapons mostly used in CIT robberies. Rossouw adds LM4s and LM5s to the list of weapons used. You may share this document with pleasure, but you may not attempt to sell it for profit. ©Chana Thobane identified the following different roles and responsibilities of group members: Front men-the responsibility of these robbers is to attack the escort. They attack and disarm the CIT officers. They must be fast and flexible. If there is an escort there will need to be two groups of front men. Cash collectors-open the security van and remove the cash which is passed on to ground men who load it into the getaway vehicle Guards/spotters -control the traffic. They take away cellphones, vehicle keys and guns from witnesses. They also watch out for armed responses, police and react by opening fire if necessary. Machaisa – stops the cash van by ramming it with another vehicle Madubula -shoots the tyres of the AV in order to stop it. And will assist the machaisa if ramming into the vehicle didn’t help to stop it. Rovers- roam around the scene to monitor that the robbery does not take longer than 10 minutes. Drivers- are those who have excellent driving skills and will most likely be driving the getaway vehicle. Off-ramp drivers-are parked a few kilometers from the crime scene, waiting for the robbery to be completed. After the robbery, the gang will drive to the offramp in the cars used on the scene and then dump the cars and flee in the offramp cars to a safe house where they share the loot and hide from the police. • Discuss 21st century terrorism and how it is the most complex and difficult issue to curb There is no single, universally-accepted definition for the word “terrorism”. It is steeped in emotional controversy and is easier to describe then define it. Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence directed at society to instil fear and intimidation in its pursuit for political change. The absence of an agreed-upon definition matters for 2 specific reasons. It blocks the possibility of referring terrorist acts to an international court and it leaves individual countries free to outlaw activities which they chose to classify as terrorism, perhaps for their own political convenience. Terrorism instils fear and terror into its targeted audience. Various definitions to highlight the common denominators to formulate a working definition: In the political arena, terrorism is defined as motivated violence for political convictions You may share this document with pleasure, but you may not attempt to sell it for profit. ©Chana Siegel: terrorism indicates pre-planned, politically motivated violence by groups of people that want to elicit public reaction. Violence is directed at targets that cannot defend themselves. Whittaker: terrorism is the pre-planned threat or use of violence by sub-national groups or clandestine individuals with the intention of intimidating or forcing governments in order to achieve political, religious or ideological outcomes and to create fear in the public at large Schwenkenbecher: terrorism as a strategy or tactic where violence or force is employed against one group of people to create fear. It is meant to intimidate, coerce or influence another group of people and it is used to reach political objectives. Danilovic and Manojlovic: terrorism is the described as criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public for political purpose and they make use of political, philosophical. Ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature to justify their actions. White: terrorism is the act of threatened act of violence against innocent people for political purposes. Brown, Esbensen and Geis: identify 4 elements of terrorism: act of violence. Creates fear in those exposed to it. Targets both active opponents and innocent victims. And has a political purpose. The OAU (Organisation of African Unity ) Convention on the Prevention and Combating terrorism describes a terrorism act as: Any act that is a violation of the criminal laws of a State Party and which may endanger the life, physical integrity or freedom of, or cause serious injury or death to any person, any number or group of persons or causes or may cause damage to public or private property, natural resources, environmental or cultural heritage and is calculated or intended to: ▪ Intimidate, put in fear, force, coerce or induce any government body, institution, the general public or any segment thereof, to do or abstain from doing any act, or to adopt or abandon a particular standpoint or to act according to certain principles. ▪ Disrupt any public service, the delivery of any essential service to the public or to create a public emergency. ▪ Create general insurrection in a state Any promotion, sponsoring, contribution to, command, aid, incitement, encouragement, attempt, threat, conspiracy, organizing or procurement of any person with the intention to commit any act. You may share this document with pleasure, but you may not attempt to sell it for profit. ©Chana Following common denominators can be identified: Terrorism is the illegal use of violence Crime is directed at innocent people and at property and not necessarily at the political opponent. The intent is to arouse fear in the general population and as a result bring about a change in government. • Discuss the phenomenon of terrorism by identifying who the terrorists are, their characteristics, the causes and motives that drive these perpetrators to commit acts of terrorism. Plus discuss the different forms of terrorism and the nature of terrorists Terrorists have a deep-seated belief in the justice of their cause. They are tough, cunning and have very little regard for their own lives or for the lives of others. Bartol and Bartol: terrorists have varied cultural backgrounds and that the stereotypes of the typical terrorist should be rejected. Both male and female terrorists exist but female terrorists are far less involved in terrorism than are men, but they are feared just as much. Female terrorists are often known as “black widows”. Terrorists are mainly motivated by ideology, religion or political cause; they view their acts as good and just seeking attention by engaging in publicity-orientated violence. The size of terrorist organisations vary from group to group and may range from only a few members to over 10 000 members. Most terrorist groups are sub-divided into terror cells. They operate in small bands or cadres of 3-5 members and may target property or members of their enemy. This command structure of individuals allows for various specialties to come under a single command. Ronczkowski: cells are used to prevent the likelihood of law enforcement agencies or spies infiltrating the organisation. The following characteristics are associated with terrorists: They are dedicated to a cause/fights for a political objective motivated by ideology or religion They tend to attack rather than run when confronted with force They carefully prepare and plan their attacks They believe their cause to be absolutely just and good They have an extraordinary need for identity, glory and vengeance They have extreme opinions and emotions about their belief system Various forms of terrorism exist: You may share this document with pleasure, but you may not attempt to sell it for profit. ©Chana Political-aimed at people or groups who are opposed to terrorist group’s political ideology. They aim to replace and shape the government to accept their views. Revolutionary- violence to frighten those in power and those who support them. They use skilled tactics in the attempt to expose the government as in humane and in need of being overthrown State-sponsored terrorism-secret use of terrorism by sovereign states against other states or against its own people. Terrorists may obtain sponsorship to expand and maintain their cause. Nationalist-terrorist activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or nationalist group, regardless of its political ideology. Lone wolf -committed by single terrorists. They usually act alone, have no contact with other groups and are mostly motivated by personal (ideologically) interests.