LANGUAGE STUDY GUIDE

LANGUAGE STUDY GUIDE ENGLISH & LANGUAGE Section: V-Verb S-Subject HV-Helping Verb MV-Main Verb VP-Verb Phrase SV-Singular Verb PV-Plural Verb LV- Linking Verb CLAUSE- A group of related words that do have a Subject & a Verb EXAMPLE of Clauses: The ball flew over the fence. S V Wanda ran home and played in the yard. S V Although I jumped over the hurdles……. S V PHRASE- Lack a subject & predicate (verb) VERB PHRASES- A group of words working together to create the verb. Consist of a helping verb(s) and a main verb. [Helping Verb(s) + Main Verb]= Verb Phrase ***helping verb “helps” the main verb to complete a verb phrase*** Common helping verbs “To be” “to do” “to have” modals Am, are, is do have could, would, should Was, were does has may, might, must Be, been did had can, will, shall VP EXAMPLE: Dana [was sleeping] on the couch. HV MV VP Dana [might have been sleeping] on the couch. HV HV HV MV A VERB PHRASE CAN BE INTERRUPTED BY AN ADVERB. EXAMPLE: Arnav was preparing for his test. Stuvia Arnav was not preparing for his test. Arnav was eagerly preparing for his test. Arnav was not eagerly preparing for his test. ADVERB- Modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence. LINKING VERBS-Linking verbs connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject (or state of being). A linking verb is a verb that links (connects) the subject of the sentence to information about that subject. Linking verbs include the verbs: be, become, and seem. Examples: He is a minister. She seems very nice. The night became darker. EXAMPLE: Jermaine was washing his car. S LV V Fahim may have arrived this morning. S LV LV V Rachel could have been practicing in the backyard. S LV LV LV V Present Tense Past Tense I am we are I was we were You are you (y’all) are you (y’all) were you (y’all) were He is, she is, it is they are he was, she was, it was were VERB- Action in a sentence or state-of-being. COMPOUND PREDICATES/ VERBS- 2 or more Predicates (verbs) in a sentence EXAMPLE: Tyler read and studied. Tyler read, studied and slept. -A Note on Three Problem VerbsThree common irregular verbs that confuse many writers are be, do, and have. Here are the correct present tense and past tense forms of these three verbs. Present Tense Past Tense Be I am we are I was we were You are you are you were you were He, she, it is they are he, she, it was they were Do I do we do I did we did You do He, she, it does you do they do you did you did he, she, it did they did Stuvia Have I have we have I had we had You have you have you had you had He, she, it has they have he, she, it had they had SIMPLE & COMPLETE SUBJECTS & PREDICATES/ VERBS: SIMPLE SUBJECT SIMPLE PREDICATE/ VERB Dog Barked COMPLETE SUBJECT COMPLETE PREDICATE/ VERB A cute little dog with a purple collar barked very loudly at the mailman. SUBJECT- Noun in a sentence that is doing the action. COMPOUND SUBJECT- 2 or more Subjects in a sentence. EXAMPLE: Billy and Kim ate pizza. Billy, Kim, and Sam ate pizza. COMPOUND SUBJECTS USING “OR” When “or” combines 2 subjects, use the subject closest to the verb to determine whether the verb is singular or plural. EXAMPLE: The waiters or the manager serves dinner to the guests. PV The managers or the waiters serve dinner to the guests. SV Your teacher or your parents are making sure you study. PV Your parents or your teacher is making sure you study. SV What three ingredients does a complete sentence need? A) Subject B) Verb C) Complete thought Define a “Fragment”: An incomplete sentence; A group of words that does not express a complete thought. EXAMPLE: on the baseball field could have slept later the boy in the baggy pants after we left the pool What are the two ways to fix a fragment? Stuvia A) Add missing ingredients, such as: subject, verb, complete thought B) Attach or connect it to the sentence before or after Define a “Run-On”: A sentence that has 2 or more sentences smashed together without anything between them EXAMPLE: I was hungry I ate lunch. (run-on) I was hungry; I ate lunch. (correction #1) I was hungry, so I ate lunch. (correction #2) I was hungry. I ate lunch. (correction #3) Define a “Comma-Splice”: Like a run-on, 2 or more sentences that only has a comma in between them, which is not enough EXAMPLE: I was tired, I went to bed. (comma-splice) I was tired, so I went to bed. (correcting comma-splice = complete sentence) What are the four ways to fix a run-on or comma-splice? A) Period + Capitalization B) Semi-colon C) Comma + FANBOYS D) Dependent word COORELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS- Pairs of conjunctions that join or relate similar words. Either….Or Not only….But also Neither…..Nor Both…..And EXAMPLE: You may either eat this ice cream or drink this milk shake. Neither Jason nor Julio are ready to leave. Tonya ate not only her peas but also her carrots. We will need both fruit and vegetables for our smoothie. List all seven of the “FANBOYS” words: Coordinating Conjunctions (connects 2 independent clauses). For And Nor But Or Yet So EXAMPLE: Griffin or Sam will be the leader. Stuvia Zach played, sand, and swam after school. We arrived late, so we skipped dinner. They were not hungry, for they had already eaten. (Comma + FANBOYS) Subordinating Conjunctions- Joins a dependent clause to a main (independent) clause. If an AAAWWUUBBISS is the first word in a sentence, it causes a comma. After Although As When While Until Unless Before Because If Since So More words: As though, So that, Than, Whenever, As if, Even though, Though, As soon as. ***Subordinating Conjunctions come at the beginning of “Subordinate (dependent) clause” *** Dependent clause: subject, verb, does not complete a thought, cannot stand on its own (not a sentence). EXAMPLE: Even though I cried, I felt better. After I left the movies, I went home. ***Begins with a subordinating conjunction*** Dependent words: Fancy Transition Words (transitional expression): Therefore Then Thus In addition In fact Indee