attachment
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a13wcf
1. attachment two-way emotional tie between two people, charac-
terised by seeking closeness to the other person
though physical contact or communication.
2. 4 characteristics of Macoby identified these:
attachment to par- -seeking closeness when upset
ents -being distressed when separated
-showing pleasure when reunited
-orientating your behaviour around the primary caregiv-
er
3. Reciprocity a two-way mutual process between caregiver and infant
in which they respond to each others signals by imitat-
ing in order to sustain interaction.
4. Interractional syn- when two people interract and tend to mirror what the
chrony other is doing in terms of their facial and body move-
ments.
5. Meltzoff and Moore They conducted the first systematic study of interac-
(1977) tional synchrony. The controlled observation study was
conducted using an adult model who displayed one of
three facial expressions or hand movements. A dum-
my was placed in the infant's mouth during the initial
display to prevent any response. then the dummy was
removed and the child's expression was filmed on a
video. They found that infants as young as two or three
weeks old responded with specific facial and hand ges-
tures in order to respond to what they had just seen.
They concluded that there was an association between
the infant behaviour and that of the adult model. This
illustrates interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
In a later study Meltzoff and Moore (1983) demonstrat-
ed the same synchrony with infants only three days
old. The fact that infants as young as this were display-
ing the behaviour suggests that behavioural response
must be innate.
6.
, attachment
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a13wcf
Tronick et al - Still They asked mothers who had been enjoying a dialogue
face procedure with their baby to stop moving and maintain a static,
unsmiling expression on their faces. Babies would try
to tempt the mother into interaction by smiling them-
selves and would become puzzled and increasingly dis-
tressed when their smile did not provoke the usual re-
sponse. Thus, babies expect and anticipate concordant
responses to their smiles. This supports the importance
of reciprocity in early infant interaction.
7. Schaffer and Emer- to investigate the age at which infants become at-
son aim tached, who they become attached to and whether it
is possible to develop multiple attachments.
8. Schaffer and Emer- Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study
son procedure on 60 Glaswegian infants over the first 18 months of
their lives. They visited the children at monthly intervals
in their own homes and observed their interactions with
their caregivers. The caregivers were interviewed about
the infant's behaviour. Evidence for the development of
an attachment was that the baby showed separation
anxiety after a carer left.
9. Schaffer and Emer- The first attachment was usually formed between 6 and
son results 8 months of age. The mother was the main attachment
figure for 65% of the children at 18 months old, whilst
only 3% of the infants studied developed a primary
attachment to their father. By 18 months old, 31% of
the infants had formed multiple attachments, e.g. to
grandparents, siblings, etc.
10. Schaffer and Emer- The results indicated that attachments were most likely
son conclusion to form with those who responded accurately to the
baby's signals, not the person they spent most time
with. Schaffer and Emerson called this 'sensitive re-
sponsiveness'. They concluded that the most important
factor in forming attachments is not who feeds and
changes the child but who plays and communicates
with him or her. This study also shows that a significant
number of infants form multiple attachments.
, attachment
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a13wcf
11. stranger anxiety fear in response to unfamiliar persons
12. separation anxiety distress level when separated from carer, degree of
comfort needed on return
13. social referencing degree that child looks at carer to check how they
should respond to something new
14. schaffer and Emer- The experiment had high external validity as the study
son evaluation 1 was completed in the children's own homes. As the
environment was not unusual to them, it means they
were more likely to act how they would normally. Fur-
thermore, the children were observed by their parents
and the parent's observations were reported back to
Schaffer and Emerson, this increases external validity
as the children were used to spending time with their
parents - they may have acted differently if being ob-
served by a stranger.
15. schaffer and Emer- The study was longitudinal which allowed them to see
son evaluation 2 development over time with the same babies. Using
the same babies meant that there was a control of
individual differences.
16. schaffer and Emer- Schaffer and Emerson's study was completed 50 years
son evaluation 3 ago, with 60 babies who were all from Glasgow and
all from working class backgrounds. This reduces the
population validity of the study and means that the
study's conclusions about the stages of attachment
cannot be generalised.
17. schaffer and Emer- The parents in the study may have been impacted by
son evaluation 4 social desirability bias as they may have wanted to
show their children in a positive light in terms of their
attachment behaviours. This reduces the internal valid-
ity of the study as it might not actually be measuring
the stages of attachment
18. Asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a13wcf
1. attachment two-way emotional tie between two people, charac-
terised by seeking closeness to the other person
though physical contact or communication.
2. 4 characteristics of Macoby identified these:
attachment to par- -seeking closeness when upset
ents -being distressed when separated
-showing pleasure when reunited
-orientating your behaviour around the primary caregiv-
er
3. Reciprocity a two-way mutual process between caregiver and infant
in which they respond to each others signals by imitat-
ing in order to sustain interaction.
4. Interractional syn- when two people interract and tend to mirror what the
chrony other is doing in terms of their facial and body move-
ments.
5. Meltzoff and Moore They conducted the first systematic study of interac-
(1977) tional synchrony. The controlled observation study was
conducted using an adult model who displayed one of
three facial expressions or hand movements. A dum-
my was placed in the infant's mouth during the initial
display to prevent any response. then the dummy was
removed and the child's expression was filmed on a
video. They found that infants as young as two or three
weeks old responded with specific facial and hand ges-
tures in order to respond to what they had just seen.
They concluded that there was an association between
the infant behaviour and that of the adult model. This
illustrates interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
In a later study Meltzoff and Moore (1983) demonstrat-
ed the same synchrony with infants only three days
old. The fact that infants as young as this were display-
ing the behaviour suggests that behavioural response
must be innate.
6.
, attachment
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a13wcf
Tronick et al - Still They asked mothers who had been enjoying a dialogue
face procedure with their baby to stop moving and maintain a static,
unsmiling expression on their faces. Babies would try
to tempt the mother into interaction by smiling them-
selves and would become puzzled and increasingly dis-
tressed when their smile did not provoke the usual re-
sponse. Thus, babies expect and anticipate concordant
responses to their smiles. This supports the importance
of reciprocity in early infant interaction.
7. Schaffer and Emer- to investigate the age at which infants become at-
son aim tached, who they become attached to and whether it
is possible to develop multiple attachments.
8. Schaffer and Emer- Schaffer and Emerson conducted a longitudinal study
son procedure on 60 Glaswegian infants over the first 18 months of
their lives. They visited the children at monthly intervals
in their own homes and observed their interactions with
their caregivers. The caregivers were interviewed about
the infant's behaviour. Evidence for the development of
an attachment was that the baby showed separation
anxiety after a carer left.
9. Schaffer and Emer- The first attachment was usually formed between 6 and
son results 8 months of age. The mother was the main attachment
figure for 65% of the children at 18 months old, whilst
only 3% of the infants studied developed a primary
attachment to their father. By 18 months old, 31% of
the infants had formed multiple attachments, e.g. to
grandparents, siblings, etc.
10. Schaffer and Emer- The results indicated that attachments were most likely
son conclusion to form with those who responded accurately to the
baby's signals, not the person they spent most time
with. Schaffer and Emerson called this 'sensitive re-
sponsiveness'. They concluded that the most important
factor in forming attachments is not who feeds and
changes the child but who plays and communicates
with him or her. This study also shows that a significant
number of infants form multiple attachments.
, attachment
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a13wcf
11. stranger anxiety fear in response to unfamiliar persons
12. separation anxiety distress level when separated from carer, degree of
comfort needed on return
13. social referencing degree that child looks at carer to check how they
should respond to something new
14. schaffer and Emer- The experiment had high external validity as the study
son evaluation 1 was completed in the children's own homes. As the
environment was not unusual to them, it means they
were more likely to act how they would normally. Fur-
thermore, the children were observed by their parents
and the parent's observations were reported back to
Schaffer and Emerson, this increases external validity
as the children were used to spending time with their
parents - they may have acted differently if being ob-
served by a stranger.
15. schaffer and Emer- The study was longitudinal which allowed them to see
son evaluation 2 development over time with the same babies. Using
the same babies meant that there was a control of
individual differences.
16. schaffer and Emer- Schaffer and Emerson's study was completed 50 years
son evaluation 3 ago, with 60 babies who were all from Glasgow and
all from working class backgrounds. This reduces the
population validity of the study and means that the
study's conclusions about the stages of attachment
cannot be generalised.
17. schaffer and Emer- The parents in the study may have been impacted by
son evaluation 4 social desirability bias as they may have wanted to
show their children in a positive light in terms of their
attachment behaviours. This reduces the internal valid-
ity of the study as it might not actually be measuring
the stages of attachment
18. Asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple
