ARDMS- SPI Exam 2022/2023 with complete solutions

The horizontal axis, or x-axis - ANSWER Runs side to side The vertical axis, or y-axis - ANSWER Runs up and down Unrelated - ANSWER Two items that are not associated Related or Proportional - ANSWER Two items that are associated or affiliated However, the relationship between the items does not have to be specified Directly related or Directly proportional - ANSWER Two items that are associated such that when one item increases, the other increases Inversely related or inversely proportional - ANSWER Two items are associated such that when one item increases, the other decreases Reciprocal Relationship - ANSWER When two numbers with a reciprocal relationship are multiplied together, the result is one Reciprocal numbers are inverse because when one increases, the other decreases For a numerical answer to a question to be comprehensive, it requires a - ANSWER Unit "Increase by a factor" means - ANSWER To multiply by that number "Decrease by a factor" means - ANSWER To divide by that number Scientific or engineering notation is a shorthand manner to represent what types of numbers? - ANSWER Very large or very small numbers A number in scientific notation form with a positive exponent has a value - ANSWER Greater than 10 A number in scientific notation form with an exponent of zero has a value - ANSWER Between 1 and 10 A number in scientific notation form with a negative exponent has a value - ANSWER Less than 1 10⌃9 - ANSWER Prefix: giga Symbol: G Meaning: billion 10⌃6 - ANSWER Prefix: mega Symbol: M Meaning: million 10⌃3 - ANSWER Prefix: kilo Symbol: k Meaning: thousand 10⌃2 - ANSWER Prefix: hecto Symbol: h Meaning: hundred 10⌃1 - ANSWER Prefix: deca Symbol: da Meaning: ten 10⌃-1 - ANSWER Prefix: deci Symbol: d Meaning: tenth 10⌃-2 - ANSWER Prefix: centi Symbol: c Meaning: hundredth 10⌃-3 - ANSWER Prefix: milli Symbol: m Meaning: thousandth 10^-6 - ANSWER Prefix: micro Symbol: μ Meaning: millionth 10^-9 - ANSWER Prefix: nano Symbol: n Meaning: billionth List all these metric terms in increasing order: A. mega B. micro C. milli D. hecto E. deca F. deci - ANSWER micro, milli, deci, deca, hecto, mega List all these metric terms in decreasing order: A. nano B. canti C. giga D. kilo E. hecto F. micro - ANSWER giga, kilo,hecto, centi, micro, nano Sound pulses travel through biologic tissue, or ______. - ANSWER Media All waves carry _____ from one location to another. - ANSWER Energy Sound is a __________ wave in which particles in the medium move. - ANSWER Mechanical Sound cannot travel through a ______; it must travel through a ______. - ANSWER Vacuum, medium What does compressed mean? - ANSWER Squeezed together What does rarefied mean? - ANSWER Stretched apart Sound travels in a ________ line. - ANSWER Straight Sound waves are ____________ waves. - ANSWER Longitudinal What is the propagation speed dependent on? - ANSWER The medium Are there any biologic effects on tissue? - ANSWER No Sound waves are identified by - ANSWER Oscillations in acoustic variables What are the three acoustic variables? (With their units) - ANSWER pressure - pascals (Pa), density - kg/cm^3, distance - cm, mm If something other than pressure, density, or distance (particle motion) rhythmically oscillates in a wave, then the wave... - ANSWER Is not a sound wave Sound waves are also known as - ANSWER Acoustic waves What are the seven Acoustic Parameters? - ANSWER Period, frequency, amplitude, power, intensity, wavelength, propagation speed Particles move in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction that the wave propagates in what wave? - ANSWER Transverse wave Particles move in the same direction that the wave propagates in a ____________ wave. - ANSWER Longitudinal When are a pair of waves considered in-phase? - ANSWER When their peaks and troughs occur at the same time and at the same location Considered "in step" What happens when two waves are out-of-phase? - ANSWER Their peaks occur at different times, and so do their troughs "out of step" What is interference? - ANSWER When more than one beam travels in a medium and arrive at the same location at exactly the same time These waves lose their individual characteristics and combine to form a single wave The interference of in-phase waves results in a single wave of _________ amplitude. This is called ___________. - ANSWER Greater, constructive interference (Larger Wave) The interference of a pair of out-of-phase waves results in the formation of a single wave of _____ amplitude. This combination is called _____________________. - ANSWER Lesser, destructive interference (Smaller Wave) When frequencies of waves differ, what kind of wave occurs? - ANSWER Both constructive and destructive interference What do waves transfer from one location to another? - ANSWER Energy Two waves are traveling in a medium and arrive at a location at the same time. What event takes place? - ANSWER Interference Which types of waves will exhibit both constructive and destructive interference? - ANSWER Waves of different frequency What units are used to report the pressure of a sound beam? - ANSWER Pascals, Pa What describes features of a sound wave? - ANSWER Parameters What is the source of a sound wave? - ANSWER The ultrasound system and the transducer Some parameters are determined by the tissue through which the sound is traveling, also called a __________. - ANSWER Medium What is period? And what is it determined by? - ANSWER The time it takes a wave to vibrate a single cycle, or the time from start of a cycle to the start of the next cycle It is determined by the source What is frequency? And what is it determined by? - ANSWER The number of cycles that occurs in one second Determined by the sound source only 1 cycle/second = - ANSWER 1 Hertz If the frequency of a sound wave is less than _____, it is below the threshold of human hearing and cannot be heard. These are defined as ____________. - ANSWER 20 Hz, infrasonic Audible sound waves that humans can hear are frequencies between _______________________. - ANSWER 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz What is ultrasound's frequency? - ANSWER Greater than 20,000 Hz or 20 kHz Why is frequency important in diagnostic sonography? - ANSWER It affects penetration and image quality Period and frequency are __________ related to each other. - ANSWER Inversely When two reciprocal parameters are multiplied together, the result is: - ANSWER 1 What three parameters describe the size, or magnitude, or strength of a sound wave? - ANSWER Amplitude, power, intensity What is Amplitude? - ANSWER The "bigness" of a wave. It is the difference between the maximum value and the average or undisturbed value of an acoustic variable Also the difference between the minimum value and the average value of the acoustic variable What is Amplitude determined by? And is it adjustable? - ANSWER Initially, amplitude is determined only by the sound source, however amplitude decreases as sound propagates through the body (attenuation) Yes, a control on ultrasound systems allows the sonographer to alter initial amplitude What is the difference between amplitude and peak-to-peak amplitude? - ANSWER Amplitude is measured from the middle value to the maximum value. Peak-to-peak amplitude is the difference between maximum and minimum values of an acoustic variable Peak-to-peak is twice the value of the amplitude What is power? - ANSWER The rate of energy transfer or the rate at which work is performed. Power, like amplitude, describes the "bigness" of the wave What is power determined by? And can it be changed? - ANSWER Determined by the sound source only It CAN be changed How are amplitude and power related? - ANSWER Both describe the size, or magnitude of a wave. When power increases, so does amplitude Power is proportional to... - ANSWER amplitude^2 What is intensity? - ANSWER The concentration of energy in a sound beam Intensity = Power/area What is intensity determined by? And is it adjustable? - ANSWER Sound Source Yes, it is adjustable How is intensity related to power and amplitude? - ANSWER Intensity is proportional to power Intensity is proportional to amplitude^2 What is the distance or length of one complete cycle called? - ANSWER Wavelength What is wavelength determined by? And is it adjustable? - ANSWER Both the medium and source No, it is not adjustable What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? - ANSWER As long as a wave remains in one medium, wavelength and frequency are inversely related As frequency increases, wavelength decreases. The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength What is the wavelength of 1 MHz sound in soft tissue? - ANSWER 1.54 mm What is the wavelength of other frequency sound waves in soft tissue? - ANSWER Sound with a frequency of 2 MHz has a wavelength of 0.77 mm in soft tissue. 1.54mm/2 = 0.77 mm What is the wavelength equation? - ANSWER wavelength = (1.54mm/μsec)/(frequency) Why is wavelength important in diagnostic ultrasound? - ANSWER Wavelength plays an important role in image quality Shorter wavelength sound usually produces higher quality images with greater detail (higher frequency) What is the distance that a sound wave travels through a medium in 1 second called? - ANSWER Propagation Speed What does the speed of sound range from? - ANSWER 500m/s to 4000m/s What is Propagation Speed determined by? And is it adjustable? - ANSWER The Medium No, it is not adjustable What is the speed of sound in soft tissue? - ANSWER 1,540 m/s 1.54 mm/μsec 1.54 km/s 1 mile per second What has the slowest propagation speed? And the longest? - ANSWER Slowest: Lung (Air, Gas) Longest: Bone What is the speed of sound in Blood? - ANSWER 1,560 m/s What is the order for speed of sound from lowest to highest in Water, Metals, and Air? - ANSWER Air, Water, Metals What determines the speed of sound in that medium? - ANSWER Stiffness, density What describes the ability of an object to resist compression? - ANSWER Stiffness; A stiff material will retain its shape if it is squeezed; whereas a non-stiff material will change its shape How does stiffness affect speed? - ANSWER Stiffness and Speed are directly related As materials become stiffer, the speed of sound in the material increased Non-stiff media are described as... - ANSWER Elastic or compressible What describes the relative weight of a material? - ANSWER Density How does density affect speed? - ANSWER Density and speed are inversely related. As materials become more dense (heavier), the speed of sound in the material decreases When Stiffness increases, Speed ______ - ANSWER Increases When Density Increases, Speed ________ - ANSWER Increases What two parameters are reciprocals? - ANSWER Period and Frequency What is the only parameter that is determined by the medium? - ANSWER Speed What is wavelength decided by? - ANSWER Both the Sound Source and the Medium What are the units of: wavelength - frequency - intensity - propagation speed - period - power - - ANSWER wavelength - millimeters frequency - hertz intensity - watts/cm^2 propagation speed - meters/second period - second power - watts Dos the medium or the sound source determine these parameters? wavelength - frequency - intensity (initial) - propagation speed - period - power (initial) - amplitude (initial) - - ANSWER wavelength - both frequency - source intensity - source propagation speed - medium period - source power - source amplitude - source Which of the following cannot be changed by the operator? wavelength frequency intensity propagation speed period power amplitude (initial) - ANSWER Wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, period True or False. A wave with a frequency of 15,000 MHz is ultrasonic. - ANSWER True (any wave >20,000 hertz) True or False. If the amplitude of a wave is increased to 3 times its original value, the intensity in increased by 6 times. - ANSWER False (if we triple amplitude, we increase intensity by a factor of nine) True or False. If the power of a wave is halved ,the intensity is reduced to one-fourth its original value. - ANSWER False (intensity is the power/area, if we halve the power we will halve the intensity) True or False. Propagation Speed increases as Frequency increases. - ANSWER False (frequency is unrelated to speed) Medium 1 has a density of 9 and a stiffness of 6. Medium 2 has a density of 8 and a stiffness of 6. In which medium will sound travel slower? - ANSWER Medium 1: Since both media have the same stiffness, the medium with the greater density has the lower propagation speed If the power in a beam is 1 watt and the area is 5cm^2, what is the beams intensity? - ANSWER 0.2 W/cm^2 If intensity remains the same while the power had doubled, what has happened to the beam area? - ANSWER Doubled (if intensity stays the same, whatever happens to power also has to happen to area) A sound beam travels a total of 10 cm in 2 seconds. What is the speed of the sound? - ANSWER 5 cm/sec True or False. Propagation speed increases as frequency increases. - ANSWER False True or False. Propagation speed increases as frequency decreases. - ANSWER False True or False. Propagation speed does not change as frequency increases. - ANSWER True (propagation speed and frequency are unrelated) What is the wavelength of a 3 MHz sound in soft tissue? - ANSWER 0.51 mm (wavelength = 1.54mm/frequency in MHz) The effects of sound waves on tissue in the body are called __________. - ANSWER Bioeffects Which of the following are considered acoustic variables? Frequency, density, particle motion, temperature, period, and pressure - ANSWER Density, particle motion, and pressure Which of the following are considered acoustic parameters? frequency, density, distance, pressure, and period - ANSWER Frequency and period The effects of tissue on sound waves are called _________ _________ ____________. - ANSWER Acoustic Propagation Properties The effects of a medium on an ultrasound wave are called _________ ____________ _________. - ANSWER Acoustic Propagation Properties How are frequency and period related? - ANSWER Inversely