Testbank for Database Systems Design, Implementation, & Management| 2022 latest update

Testbank for Database Systems Design, Implementation, & Management   True / False 1. Data and information are essentially the same thing. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 2. Data processing can be as simple as organizing data to reveal patterns. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 3. Data is the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 4. When data are entered into a form and saved, they are placed in the underlying database as knowledge. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 5. Data constitute the building blocks of information. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 6. Metadata describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3 Introducing the Database LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 7. The only way to access the data in a database is through the DBMS. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 8. Database programming languages receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 9. The DBMS reveals much of the database’s internal complexity to the application programs and users. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 10. One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it increases the risk of data security breaches. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 11. An operational database is sometimes referred to as an enterprise database. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 12. A data warehouse can store data derived from many sources. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 13. Structure is based on the type of processing to be performed on the data. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 14. Corporations use only structured data. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 15. Field refers to a collection of related records. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-5b Computerized File Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.04 - See how modern databases evolved from file systems 16. Structural dependence exists when it is possible to make changes in the file structure without affecting the application program’s ability to access the data. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-6a Structural and Data Dependence LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 17. One disadvantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is increased costs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 18. Data anomaly is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 19. An advantage of database systems is that you needn't perform frequent updates and apply latest patches. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.06 - Outline the main components of the database system 20. One advantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is that the database system is considerably less complex. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.06 - Outline the main components of the database system Multiple Choice 21. is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts. a. End-user data b. An encoded sample c. An encrypted bit d. Information ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 22. is the body of information and facts about a specific subject. a. Validation b. A format c. Knowledge d. A database ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 23. Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to . a. data management b. good decision making c. knowledge d. understanding ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 24. End-user data is . a. knowledge about the end users b. raw facts of interest to the end user c. information about a specific subject d. accurate, relevant and timely information ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3 Introducing the Database LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 25. provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database. a. Queries b. End-user data c. Metadata d. Schemas ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3 Introducing the Database LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 26. serve as the intermediary between the user and the database. a. DBMSs b. Metadata c. End-user data d. Programming languages ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 27. The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a . a. single file b. collection of files c. set of key/value pairs d. collection of queries ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 28. A(n) might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program. a. query b. operating system c. database management system d. application ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 29. exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places. a. Data inconsistency b. Poor data security c. Structural dependence d. Conceptual dependence ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 30. The response of the DBMS to a query is the a. ad hoc query b. ad hoc response c. query result set d. integrated view of the data ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 31. A(n) database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments. a. desktop b. workgroup c. enterprise d. transactional ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 32. A(n) database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization. a. desktop b. workgroup c. enterprise d. transactional ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 33. A workgroup database is a(n) database. a. single-user b. multiuser c. desktop d. distributed ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 34. A desktop database is a database. a. single-user b. multiuser c. workgroup d. distributed ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 35. A data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the . a. operational databases b. desktop database c. enterprise databases d. workgroup databases ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 36. data exist in the format in which they were collected. a. Structured b. Semistructured c. Unstructured d. Historical ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 37. data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information. a. Structured b. Semistructured c. Unstructured d. Historical ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 38. are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information. a. Structured data b. Raw data c. Unstructured data d. Obsolete data ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 39. Most data that can be encountered are best classified as . a. structured b. semistructured c. unstructured d. historical ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 40. An XML database supports the storage and management of XML data. a. structured b. multistructured c. fullystructured d. semistructured ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 41. The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by . a. its date of creation b. its expected use c. the title of the documents in the folder d. the data processing specialist ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-5a Manual File Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.04 - See how modern databases evolved from file systems 42. A is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing. a. database b. column c. record d. file ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-5b Computerized File Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.04 - See how modern databases evolved from file systems 43. A is a collection of related records. a. schema b. field c. column d. file ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-5b Computerized File Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.04 - See how modern databases evolved from file systems 44. A is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning. a. database b. field c. record d. file ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-5b Computerized File Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.04 - See how modern databases evolved from file systems 45. Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications? a. They provide enhanced security and robust data sharing features. b. They do not allow manipulation of data once entered. c. They are a better alternative to databases. d. They enhance the user's ability to understand the data. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-5c File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.04 - See how modern databases evolved from file systems 46. Which of the following refers to the situation where different versions of the same data are stored at different places because they weren’t updated consistently? a. Data query b. Data integrity c. Data dictionary d. Data redundancy ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 47. Data is said to be verifiable if: a. the data always yields consistent results. b. the data cannot be changed or manipulated. c. the data is obtained from trusted sources. d. the data is stored in different places within the database. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 48. is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions. a. Data integrity b. Data anomaly c. Data ubiquity d. Data quality ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 49. The term refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment. a. structured data b. transaction c. management system d. database system ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-7a The Database System Environment LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.06 - Outline the main components of the database system 50. relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed. a. Performance tuning b. Database design c. Query access d. Database management ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-7b DBMS Functions LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.06 - Outline the main components of the database system Completion 51. is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. ANSWER: Information DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 52. To reveal meaning, information requires . ANSWER: context DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 53. Raw data must be properly for storage, processing and presentation. ANSWER: formatted DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 54. Information is produced by processing . ANSWER: data DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-2 Data versus Information LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.01 - Define the difference between data and information 55. is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed. ANSWER: Metadata DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3 Introducing the Database LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 56. A(n) is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database. ANSWER: DBMS (database management system) database management system (DBMS) database management system DBMS DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3 Introducing the Database LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 57. A(n) is a spur-of-the-moment question. ANSWER: ad hoc query DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 58. A(n) is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation. ANSWER: query DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 59. databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions. ANSWER: Analytical DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 60. is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format. ANSWER: XML (Extensible Markup Language) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Extensible Markup Language XML DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 61. exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting an application program’s ability to access data. ANSWER: Data independence DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-6a Structural and Data Dependence LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 62. The term refers to scattered locations storing the same basic data. ANSWER: islands of information DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 63. exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places. ANSWER: Data inconsistency DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 64. exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places. ANSWER: Data redundancy DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6b Data Redundancy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 65. A(n) develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully. ANSWER: data anomaly anomaly DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-6c Data Anomalies LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 66. The DBMS uses the to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program. ANSWER: data dictionary DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-7b DBMS Functions LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.06 - Outline the main components of the database system 67. relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed. ANSWER: Performance tuning DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-7b DBMS Functions LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.06 - Outline the main components of the database system 68. Web and mobile technologies that enable “anywhere, anytime, always on” human interactions are forms of . ANSWER: social media DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 69. A database that is created and maintained using services such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS is called a(n) database. ANSWER: cloud DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-3b Types of Databases LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 70. When a database stores the majority of data in RAM rather than in hard disks, it is referred to as a(n) database. ANSWER: in-memory DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 1-8 Preparing for Your Database Professional LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.07 - Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS) Essay 71. Describe what metadata are and what value they provide to the database system. ANSWER: The metadata describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database. For example, the metadata component stores information such as the name of each data element, the type of values (numeric, dates, or text) stored on each data element, and whether the data element can be left empty. The metadata provide information that complements and expands the value and use of the data. In short, metadata present a more complete picture of the data in the database. Given the characteristics of metadata, you might hear a database described as a “collection of self-describing data.” DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3 Introducing the Database LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 72. What are the advantages of having the DBMS between the end user’s applications and the database? ANSWER: Having a DBMS between the end user’s applications and the database offers some important advantages. First, the DBMS enables the data in the database to be shared among multiple applications or users. Second, the DBMS integrates the many different users’ views of the data into a single all-encompassing data repository. DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.02 - Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making 73. Discuss some considerations when designing a database. ANSWER: Proper database design requires the designer to identify precisely the database’s expected use. Designing a transactional database emphasizes accurate and consistent data and operational speed. Designing a data warehouse database emphasizes the use of historical and aggregated data. Designing a database to be used in a centralized, single-user environment requires a different approach from that used in the design of a distributed, multiuser database. Designing appropriate data repositories of integrated information using the two-dimensional table structures found in most databases is a process of decomposition. The integrated data must be decomposed properly into its constituent parts, with each part stored in its own table. Further, the relationships between these tables must be carefully considered and implemented so the integrated view of the data can be re-created later as information for the end user. A well-designed database facilitates data management and generates accurate and valuable information. A poorly designed database is likely to become a breeding ground for difficult- to-trace errors that may lead to bad decision making—and bad decision making can lead to the failure of an organization. Database design is simply too important to be left to luck. That’s why college students study database design, why organizations of all types and sizes send personnel to database design seminars, and why database design consultants often make an excellent living. DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-4 Why Database Design Is Important LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.03 - Explain the importance of database design 74. What are the problems associated with file systems? How do they challenge the types of information that can be created from the data as well as the accuracy of the information? ANSWER: The following problems associated with file systems, whether created by DP specialists or through a series of spread-sheets, severely challenge the types of information that can be created from the data as well as the accuracy of the information: • Lengthy development times. The first and most glaring problem with the file system approach is that even the simplest data-retrieval task requires extensive programming. With the older file systems, programmers had to specify what must be done and how to do it. • Difficulty of getting quick answers. The need to write programs to produce even the simplest reports makes ad hoc queries impossible. Harried DP specialists who worked with mature file systems often received numerous requests for new reports. They were often forced to say that the report will be ready “next week” or even “next month.” If you need the information now, getting it next week or next month will not serve your information needs. • Complex system administration. System administration becomes more difficult as the number of files in the system expands. Even a simple file system with a few files requires creating and maintaining several file management programs. Each file must have its own file management programs that allow the user to add, modify, and delete records; to list the file contents; and to generate reports. Because ad hoc queries are not possible, the file reporting programs can multiply quickly. The problem is compounded by the fact that each department in the organization “owns” its data by creating its own files. • Lack of security and limited data sharing. Another fault of a file system data repository is a lack of security and limited data sharing. Data sharing and security are closely related. Sharing data among multiple geographically dispersed users introduces a lot of security risks. In terms of spreadsheet data, while many spreadsheet programs provide rudimentary security options, they are not always used, and even when they are, they are insufficient for robust data sharing among users. In terms of creating data management and reporting programs, security and data-sharing features are difficult to program and consequently are often omitted from a file system environment. Such features include effective password protection, the ability to lock out parts of files or parts of the system itself, and other measures designed to safeguard data confidentiality. Even when an attempt is made to improve system and data security, the security devices tend to be limited in scope and effectiveness. • Extensive programming. Making changes to an existing file structure can be difficult in a file system environment. DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-6 Problems with File System Data Processing LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.05 - Understand flaws in file system data management 75. Discuss any three functions performed by the DBMS that guarantee the integrity and consistency of the data in the database. ANSWER: (answers may vary) • Data dictionary management. The DBMS stores definitions of the data elements and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary. In turn, all programs that access the data in the database work through the DBMS. The DBMS uses the data dictionary to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving you from having to code such complex relationships in each program. Additionally, any changes made in a database structure are automatically recorded in the data dictionary, thereby freeing you from having to modify all of the programs that access the changed structure. In other words, the DBMS provides data abstraction, and it removes structural and data dependence from the system. • Data storage management. The DBMS creates and manages the complex structures required for data stor-age, thus relieving you from the difficult task of defining and programming the physical data characteristics. A modern DBMS provides storage not only for the data but for related data-entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions, data validation rules, procedural code, structures to handle video and picture formats, and so on. Data storage management is also important for database performance tuning. Performance tuning relates to the activities that make the database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed. Although the user sees the database as a single data storage unit, the DBMS actually stores the database in multiple physical data files. Such data files may even be stored on different storage media. Therefore, the DBMS doesn’t have to wait for one disk request to finish before the next one starts. In other words, the DBMS can fulfill database requests concurrently. • Data transformation and presentation. The DBMS transforms entered data to conform to required data structures. The DBMS relieves you of the chore of distinguishing between the logical data format and the physical data format. That is, the DBMS formats the physically retrieved data to make it conform to the user’s logical expectations. • Security management. The DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy. Security rules determine which users can access the database, which data items each user can access, and which data operations (read, add, delete, or modify) the user can perform. This is especially important in multiuser database systems. DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 1-7b DBMS Functions LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 01.07 - Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS) True / False 1. A data model is usually graphical. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 2. An implementation-ready data model needn't necessarily contain enforceable rules to guarantee the integrity of the data. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 3. An implementation-ready data model should contain a description of the data structure that will store the end-user data. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 4. Within the database environment, a data model represents data structures with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 5. Even when a good database blueprint is available, an applications programmer’s view of the data should match that of the manager and the end user. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-2 The Importance of Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 6. In the context of data models, an entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which data will be collected and stored. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 7. Database designers determine the data and information that yield the required understanding of the entire business. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-4 Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 8. Business rules apply to businesses and government groups, but not to other types of organizations such as religious groups or research laboratories. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-4 Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 9. Business rules must be rendered in writing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-4 Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 10. A disadvantage of the relational database management system (RDBMS) is its inability to hide the complexities of the relational model from the user. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 11. In an SQL-based relational database, each table is dependent on every other table. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 12. In an SQL-based relational database, rows in different tables are related based on common values in common attributes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 13. Each row in the relational table is known as an entity instance or entity occurrence in the ER model. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 14. M:N relationships are not appropriate in a relational model. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 15. In Chen notation, entities and relationships have to be oriented horizontally; not vertically. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 16. Today, most relational database products can be classified as object/relational. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5e Object/Relational and XML LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 17. The network model has structural level dependence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5g Data Models: A Summary LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 18. The external model is the representation of the database as “seen” by the DBMS. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6a The External Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction 19. The hierarchical model is software-independent. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6 Degrees of Data Abstraction LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction 20. The relational model is hardware-dependent and software-independent. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6 Degrees of Data Abstraction LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction Multiple Choice 21. A(n) ’s main function is to help one understand the complexities of the real-world environment. a. node b. entity c. model d. database ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 22. A(n) is anything about which data are to be collected and stored. a. attribute b. entity c. relationship d. constraint ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 23. A(n) represents a particular type of object in the real world. a. attribute b. entity c. relationship d. node ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 24. A(n) is the equivalent of a field in a file system. a. attribute b. entity c. relationship d. constraint ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 25. A(n) is bidirectional. a. attribute b. entity c. relationship d. constraint ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 26. A(n) is a restriction placed on the data. a. attribute b. entity c. relationship d. constraint ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 27. are important because they help to ensure data integrity. a. Attributes b. Entities c. Relationships d. Constraints ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 28. are normally expressed in the form of rules. a. Attributes b. Entities c. Relationships d. Constraints ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 29. Students and classes have a relationship. a. one-to-one b. one-to-many c. many-to-one d. many-to-many ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.02 - Describe the basic data-modeling building blocks 30. Which of the following is true of business rules? a. They allow the designer to set company policies with regard to data. b. They allow the designer to develop business processes. c. They can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers. d. They provide a framework for the company’s self-actualization. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-4a Discovering Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 31. A noun in a business rule translates to a(n) in the data model. a. entity b. attribute c. relationship d. constraint ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-4b Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 32. A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n) in the data model. a. entity b. attribute c. relationship d. constraint ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-4b Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 33. In the model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree. a. hierarchical b. network c. relational d. entity relationship ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 34. In the model, each parent can have many children, but each child has only one parent. a. hierarchical b. network c. relational d. entity relationship ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 35. The hierarchical data model was developed in the . a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 36. In the model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent. a. hierarchical b. network c. object-oriented d. entity relationship ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 37. The object-oriented data model was developed in the . a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 38. VMS/VSAM is an example of the . a. hierarchical model b. file system data model c. relational data model d. XML data model ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 39. Oracle 12c, MS SQL Server, and Tamino are examples of data models. a. hierarchical b. file system c. relational d. XML Hybrid ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 40. MySQL is an example of the . a. hierarchical model b. file system data model c. relational data model d. XML data model ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 41. A(n) enables a database administrator to describe schema components. a. extensible markup language (XML) b. data definition language (DDL) c. unified modeling language (UML) d. query language ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 42. The relational data model was developed in the . a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 43. The model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text. a. hierarchical b. network c. object-oriented d. entity relationship ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 44. A(n) enables a database administrator to describe schema components. a. extensible markup language (XML) b. data definition language (DDL) c. unified modeling language (UML) d. query language ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 45. The model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types. a. relational b. network c. object-oriented d. entity relationship ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 46. The data model is said to be a semantic data model. a. relational b. network c. object-oriented d. entity relationship ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5d The Object-Oriented Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 47. The data model uses the concept of inheritance. a. relational b. network c. object-oriented d. entity relationship ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5d The Object-Oriented Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 48. Which of the following types of HDFS nodes stores all the metadata about a file system? a. Data node b. Client node c. Name node d. Map node ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-5f Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.05 - List emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill 49. Which of the following is true of NoSQL databases? a. They do not support distributed database architectures. b. They are not based on the relational model. c. They are geared toward transaction consistency rather than performance. d. They do not support very large amounts of sparse data. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-5f Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.05 - List emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill 50. Which of the following types of HDFS nodes acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS? a. Data node b. Client node c. Name node d. Map node ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5f Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.05 - List emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill Completion 51. A(n) is a relatively simple representation of more complex real-world data structures. ANSWER: data model DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 52. A(n) is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization. ANSWER: business rule DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-4 Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 53. A(n) in a hierarchical model is the equivalent of a record in a file system. ANSWER: segment DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5 The Evolution of Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 54. A(n) is the conceptual organization of an entire database as viewed by a database administrator. ANSWER: schema DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 55. A(n) defines the environment in which data can be managed and is used to work with the data in the database. ANSWER: data manipulation language (DML) DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 56. The relational model’s foundation is a mathematical concept known as a(n) . ANSWER: relation DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 57. Each row in a relation is called a(n) . ANSWER: tuple DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 58. Each column in a relation represents a(n) . ANSWER: attribute DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 59. Each row in the relational table is known as a(n) . ANSWER: entity instance DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 60. In , a three-pronged symbol represents the “many” side of the relationship. ANSWER: Crow’s Foot notation DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5c The Entity Relationship Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 61. A(n) is a collection of similar objects with a shared structure and behavior. ANSWER: class DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5d The Object-Oriented Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 62. In object-oriented terms, a(n) defines an object’s behavior. ANSWER: method DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5d The Object-Oriented Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 63. is a language based on OO concepts that describes a set of diagrams and symbols used to graphically model a system. ANSWER: UML (Unified Modeling Language) Unified Modeling Language (UML) Unified Modeling Language UML DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5d The Object-Oriented Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 64. The term is used to refer to the task of creating a conceptual data model that could be implemented in any DBMS. ANSWER: logical design DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6b The Conceptual Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction 65. The is the representation of a database as “seen” by the DBMS. ANSWER: internal model DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6c The Internal Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction 66. One of the limitations of the model is that there is a lack of standards. ANSWER: hierarchical DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5g Data Models: A Summary LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 67. The model is the end users’ view of the data environment. ANSWER: external DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6a The External Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction 68. An internal refers to a specific representation of an internal model, using the database constructs supported by the chosen database. ANSWER: schema DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 2-6c The Internal Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.06 - Explain how data models can be classified by their level of abstraction 69. From a database point of view, the collection of data becomes meaningful only when it reflects properly defined . ANSWER: business rules DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-4 Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 70. The movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of web- and sensor-generated data and derive business insight from it, while simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost is referred to as " ." ANSWER: Big Data DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: 2-5f Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.05 - List emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill Essay 71. What components should an implementation-ready data model contain? ANSWER: An implementation-ready data model should contain at least the following components: A description of the data structure that will store the end-user data. A set of enforceable rules to guarantee the integrity of the data. A data manipulation methodology to support the real-world data transformations. DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.01 - Discuss data modeling and why data models are important 72. What do business rules require to be effective? ANSWER: To be effective, business rules must be easy to understand and widely disseminated to ensure that every person in the organization shares a common interpretation of the rules. Business rules describe, in simple language, the main and distinguishing characteristics of the data as viewed by the company. DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-4 Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 73. What are the sources of business rules, and what is the database designer’s role with regard to business rules? ANSWER: The main sources of business rules are company managers, policy makers, department managers, and written documentation such as a company’s procedures, standards, and operations manuals. A faster and more direct source of business rules is direct interviews with end users. Unfortunately, because perceptions differ, end users are sometimes a less reliable source when it comes to specifying business rules. For example, a maintenance department mechanic might believe that any mechanic can initiate a maintenance procedure, when actually only mechanics with inspection authorization can perform such a task. Such a distinction might seem trivial, but it can have major legal consequences. Although end users are crucial contributors to the development of business rules, it pays to verify end-user perceptions. Too often, interviews with several people who perform the same job yield very different perceptions of what the job components are. While such a discovery may point to “management problems,” that general diagnosis does not help the database designer. The database designer’s job is to reconcile such differences and verify the results of the reconciliation to ensure that the business rules are appropriate and accurate. DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-4a Discovering Business Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.03 - Define what business rules are and how they influence database design 74. Describe the three parts involved in any SQL-based relational database application. ANSWER: From an end-user perspective, any SQL-based relational database application involves three parts: a user interface, a set of tables stored in the database, and the SQL “engine.” Each of these parts is explained below. 1. The end-user interface. Basically, the interface allows the end user to interact with the data (by automatically generating SQL code). Each interface is a product of the software vendor’s idea of meaningful interaction with the data. You can also design your own customized interface with the help of application generators that are now standard fare in the database software arena. 2. A collection of tables stored in the database. In a relational database, all data are perceived to be stored in tables. The tables simply “present” the data to the end user in a way that is easy to understand. Each table is independent. Rows in different tables are related by common values in common attributes. 3. SQL engine. Largely hidden from the end user, the SQL engine executes all queries, or data requests. Keep in mind that the SQL engine is part of the DBMS software. The end user uses SQL to create table structures and to perform data access and table maintenance. The SQL engine processes all user requests—largely behind the scenes and without the end user’s knowledge. Hence, SQL is said to be a declarative language that tells what must be done but not how. DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-5b The Relational Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.04 - Understand how the major data models evolved 75. Describe the three basic characteristics of Big Data databases. ANSWER: Douglas Laney, a data analyst from the Gartner Group, first described the basic characteristics of Big Data databases4: volume, velocity, and variety, or the 3 Vs. • Volume refers to the amounts of data being stored. With the adoption and growth of the Internet and social media, companies have multiplied the ways to reach customers. Over the years, and with the benefit of technological advances, data for millions of e-transactions were being stored daily on company databases. Furthermore, organizations are using multiple technologies to interact with end users and those technologies are generating mountains of data. This ever-growing volume of data quickly reached petabytes in size, and it’s still growing. • Velocity refers not only to the speed with which data grows but also to the need to process this data quickly in order to generate information and insight. With the advent of the Internet and social media, business response times have shrunk considerably. Organizations need not only to store large volumes of quickly accumulating data but also need to process such data quickly. The velocity of data growth is also due to the increase in the number of different data streams from which data is being piped to the organization (via the web, e-commerce, Tweets, Facebook posts, emails, sensors, GPS, and so on). • Variety refers to the fact that the data being collected comes in multiple different data formats. A great portion of these data comes in formats not suitable to be handled by the typical operational databases based on the relational model. The 3 Vs framework illustrates what companies now know, that the amount of data being collected in their databases has been growing exponentially in size and complexity. DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: 2-5f Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 02.05 - List emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill True / False 1. The practical significance of taking the logical view of a database is that it serves as a reminder of the simple file concept of data storage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 3-1 A Logical View of Data LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.01 - Describe the relational database model’s logical structure 2. You can think of a table as a persistent representation of a logical relation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-1a Tables and Their Characteristics LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 3. The order of the rows and columns is important to the DBMS. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 3-1a Tables and Their Characteristics LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 4. Character data can contain any character or symbol intended for mathematical manipulation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-1a Tables and Their Characteristics LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 5. Each table in a relational database must have a primary key. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-1a Tables and Their Characteristics LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 6. The row’s range of permissible values is known as its domain. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-1a Tables and Their Characteristics LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 7. The idea of determination is unique to the database environment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 3-2a Dependencies LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 8. Only a single attribute, not multiple attributes, can define functional dependence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-2a Dependencies LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 9. If the attribute (B) is functionally dependent on a composite key (A) but not on any subset of that composite key, the attribute (B) is fully functionally dependent on (A). a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: 3-2a Dependencies LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 10. A null is created when you press the Enter key or the Tab key to move to the next entry without making a prior entry of any kind. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-2b Types of Keys LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 11. Depending on the sophistication of the application development software, nulls can create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM are used. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-2b Types of Keys LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 12. RDBMSs enforce integrity rules automatically. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-3 Integrity Rules LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.02 - Identify the relational model’s basic components and explain the structure, contents, and characteristics of a relational table 13. Relational algebra defines the theoretical way of manipulating table contents using relational operators. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-4 Relational Algebra LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.03 - Use relational database operators to manipulate relational table contents 14. The SELECT operator yields a vertical subset of a table. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-4b Relational Set Operators LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.03 - Use relational database operators to manipulate relational table contents 15. The DIFFERENCE operator subtracts one table from the other. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-4b Relational Set Operators LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.03 - Use relational database operators to manipulate relational table contents 16. In a natural join, the column on which the join was made occurs twice in the new table. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: 3-4b Relational Set Operators LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 03.03 - Use relational database operators to manipulate relational table contents 17. The DIV