BTEC 1322 REVIEW
Lecture 1
- What is Biotechnology? The use of technology to improve or manipulate
living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind
Biotechnology, or the use of biological agents for technological progression,
has applications in medicine, agriculture, and in industry, which include
processes such as fermentation and the production of biofuels. Biotechnology
has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care
(medical), crop production and agriculture (agriculture), non-food (industrial)
uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil,
biofuels, and environmental uses)
- Biotechnology Classification
- Microbial
- Agricultural
- Animal
- DNA and Forensic
- Environment
- Medical
- Aquatic
- Industrial Biotechnology
- Agriculture
- Enzymes
- Flavors & Fragrances
- Bioprocess
- Biobased Polymers
- Renewable Chemicals
- Biofuels
- Biorefining
- Modern or Recombinant Biotechnology
- Involves genetic engineering- often transfers genes from one genus
to another and enables the creation of genetically modified
organisms
- Recombinant biotechnology- combines gene fragments from different sources
- Includes recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells
- Classification of Biotechnology
- Forensic
- Agricultural
- Medical
- Industrial
- Environmental (Energy)
- History of Biotechnology
- 1920s
- In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic, penicillin
(produced by the fungus Penicillium)
, - Penicillin V is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights
bacteria in your body. Penicillin V is used to treat many different types
of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections
- History of Biotechnology
- 1976: Formation of first biotechnology company, Genentech Inc.
- 1978: Human insulin produced in E. coli “Humulin”, the first
recombinant drug approved by Food and Drug Administration
- Recombinant human insulin has been produced predominantly using
E.coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for therapeutic use in humans.
- 1986. Amplification of DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction was
invented by Kary Mullis
- History of Biotechnology- 2000s
- 2003: Human Genome Project completed
- By Craig Venter, et al.
- 2010: Creation of first synthetic genome by J Craig Venter Institute.
Lecture 2
- Cells- The Basic Units of Life
- The word ‘cell’ was first used by - Robert Hooke (1665). Cellula- mean
little room or compartments.
- “In the year of 1657 I discovered very small living creatures in
rainwater.” - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the Father of
Microbiology, on discovering cells.
- Cells- the basic structural and functional units of all living
organisms (e.g the human body is made up of 10^13 cells).
- Cells are made up of- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids and
water.
- Cells are very small structures
- The Cell Theory
- The cell theory developed in 1839 by microbiologists Schleiden and
Schwann
- 1. All living organisms are made of cells
- 2. Cells are the basic unit of life
- 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- 4. Hereditary information is passed from cell
- 5. All cells have the basic chemical composition
- 6. Energy flow occurs within cells
- Cell Types
- Prokaryote- A single celled organism that does not have a nucleus
(Pro- No or before)
- Eukaryote- A more complex cell with a nucleus and many organelles
( Eu- DO OR TRUE)
- Cell Diversity
- Cells come in all shapes and sizes
- Cells with different functions often have different shapes
- Algae- got a tail to swim in water.
, - Pollen grains- got spikes to attach to host cells
- Cell size
- At 0.1- 5.0 micrometer in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly
smaller than eukaryotic cells, which have diameters ranging from 10-
100 micrometers
- The small size of prokaryotes allows ions and organic molecules that
enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell
- Larger eukaryotic cells have evolved different structural adaptations
to enhance cellular transport
- Larger the size, it becomes more and more difficult for the cell
to acquire sufficient materials to support the processes inside
the cell
- General Properties of Cells
- Highly organized and complex
- Contain genetic blueprint(e.g. DNA) and machinery to use it.
- New cells arise from division of other cells.
- Binary fission (e.g. bacterial cell divisions)
- Mitosis- asexual reproduction
- Meiosis- sexual reproduction
- Most cells respire and perform a variety of functions (e.g. anabolism,
catabolism, metabolism).
- Cell can regulate activities (e.g. cell replication, gene regulations and
metabolic functions).
- Basic features of all cells
- Enclosed by a dynamic plasma membrane that regulates the passage
of materials between the cell and its surroundings. (Active and
passive transport of materials)
- Contain semifluid substance called cytosol
- Use DNA as their genetic information
- Have ribosomes that make proteins
- A complex consisting of proteins and RNA
- Can found associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Involved in protein synthesis
- Fundamental Classes
- Unicellular- cells made of single cell (e.g. amoeba, chlamydomonas)
- Prokaryotic cells are unicellular
- Multicellular- made of more than one cell (e.g. humans)
- Eukaryotic cells are multicellular
- Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus, but have a region in the cell,
termed the nucleoid, in which a single chromosomal, circular, double
stranded DNA molecule is located (Genetic information).
- Prokaryotic cells
- Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or
other internal membrane-bound structures.
, - Prokaryotes can be further classified based on the composition of the
cell wall in terms of the amount of peptidoglycan present (e.g. gram-
positive and
gram-negative bacteria)
- Archaeal membranes (bi or monolyaers) have replaced the fatty acids
of bacterial membranes with isoprene
- Reproduction of Prokaryotic cells
- Binary Fusion - chromosome is replicated and the resultant
prokaryote is an exact copy of the parental prokaryote (no genetic
diversity).
- Transformation - in which a prokaryote can take up DNA found
within the environment that has originated from other
prokaryotes.
- Transduction - in which a prokaryote is infected by a virus which
injects short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to
another.
- Conjugation - in which DNA is transferred between prokaryotes by
means of a pilus
- Eukaryotic cells
- Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms that contain organelles or
other internal membrane-bound structures
- Eukaryotic cells further classified into Fungi, plants, animal cells, etc.
- Animal cells
- Centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell
microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle,
the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two
- Ribosomes comprise a complex macromolecular machine (i.e., link
amino acids together), found within all living cells, that serves as the
site of biological protein synthesis.
- Cell component
- Nucleus- contains chromosomes, made of chromatin (DNA and protein).
Contains nucleoli where ribosomal subunits are made. Pores regulate
entry and exit of materials.
- Ribosome - protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of
carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and
poisons
- Rough ER: aids in synthesis of secretory proteins from bound
ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins; produces new
membrane
- Golgi apparatus- modification of proteins, carbohydrates on
proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of polysaccharides;
sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles.
- Lysosome- breakdown of ingested substances, cell
macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling
- Vacuole- digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance,
Lecture 1
- What is Biotechnology? The use of technology to improve or manipulate
living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind
Biotechnology, or the use of biological agents for technological progression,
has applications in medicine, agriculture, and in industry, which include
processes such as fermentation and the production of biofuels. Biotechnology
has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care
(medical), crop production and agriculture (agriculture), non-food (industrial)
uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil,
biofuels, and environmental uses)
- Biotechnology Classification
- Microbial
- Agricultural
- Animal
- DNA and Forensic
- Environment
- Medical
- Aquatic
- Industrial Biotechnology
- Agriculture
- Enzymes
- Flavors & Fragrances
- Bioprocess
- Biobased Polymers
- Renewable Chemicals
- Biofuels
- Biorefining
- Modern or Recombinant Biotechnology
- Involves genetic engineering- often transfers genes from one genus
to another and enables the creation of genetically modified
organisms
- Recombinant biotechnology- combines gene fragments from different sources
- Includes recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells
- Classification of Biotechnology
- Forensic
- Agricultural
- Medical
- Industrial
- Environmental (Energy)
- History of Biotechnology
- 1920s
- In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic, penicillin
(produced by the fungus Penicillium)
, - Penicillin V is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights
bacteria in your body. Penicillin V is used to treat many different types
of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections
- History of Biotechnology
- 1976: Formation of first biotechnology company, Genentech Inc.
- 1978: Human insulin produced in E. coli “Humulin”, the first
recombinant drug approved by Food and Drug Administration
- Recombinant human insulin has been produced predominantly using
E.coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for therapeutic use in humans.
- 1986. Amplification of DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction was
invented by Kary Mullis
- History of Biotechnology- 2000s
- 2003: Human Genome Project completed
- By Craig Venter, et al.
- 2010: Creation of first synthetic genome by J Craig Venter Institute.
Lecture 2
- Cells- The Basic Units of Life
- The word ‘cell’ was first used by - Robert Hooke (1665). Cellula- mean
little room or compartments.
- “In the year of 1657 I discovered very small living creatures in
rainwater.” - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the Father of
Microbiology, on discovering cells.
- Cells- the basic structural and functional units of all living
organisms (e.g the human body is made up of 10^13 cells).
- Cells are made up of- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids and
water.
- Cells are very small structures
- The Cell Theory
- The cell theory developed in 1839 by microbiologists Schleiden and
Schwann
- 1. All living organisms are made of cells
- 2. Cells are the basic unit of life
- 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- 4. Hereditary information is passed from cell
- 5. All cells have the basic chemical composition
- 6. Energy flow occurs within cells
- Cell Types
- Prokaryote- A single celled organism that does not have a nucleus
(Pro- No or before)
- Eukaryote- A more complex cell with a nucleus and many organelles
( Eu- DO OR TRUE)
- Cell Diversity
- Cells come in all shapes and sizes
- Cells with different functions often have different shapes
- Algae- got a tail to swim in water.
, - Pollen grains- got spikes to attach to host cells
- Cell size
- At 0.1- 5.0 micrometer in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly
smaller than eukaryotic cells, which have diameters ranging from 10-
100 micrometers
- The small size of prokaryotes allows ions and organic molecules that
enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell
- Larger eukaryotic cells have evolved different structural adaptations
to enhance cellular transport
- Larger the size, it becomes more and more difficult for the cell
to acquire sufficient materials to support the processes inside
the cell
- General Properties of Cells
- Highly organized and complex
- Contain genetic blueprint(e.g. DNA) and machinery to use it.
- New cells arise from division of other cells.
- Binary fission (e.g. bacterial cell divisions)
- Mitosis- asexual reproduction
- Meiosis- sexual reproduction
- Most cells respire and perform a variety of functions (e.g. anabolism,
catabolism, metabolism).
- Cell can regulate activities (e.g. cell replication, gene regulations and
metabolic functions).
- Basic features of all cells
- Enclosed by a dynamic plasma membrane that regulates the passage
of materials between the cell and its surroundings. (Active and
passive transport of materials)
- Contain semifluid substance called cytosol
- Use DNA as their genetic information
- Have ribosomes that make proteins
- A complex consisting of proteins and RNA
- Can found associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Involved in protein synthesis
- Fundamental Classes
- Unicellular- cells made of single cell (e.g. amoeba, chlamydomonas)
- Prokaryotic cells are unicellular
- Multicellular- made of more than one cell (e.g. humans)
- Eukaryotic cells are multicellular
- Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus, but have a region in the cell,
termed the nucleoid, in which a single chromosomal, circular, double
stranded DNA molecule is located (Genetic information).
- Prokaryotic cells
- Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or
other internal membrane-bound structures.
, - Prokaryotes can be further classified based on the composition of the
cell wall in terms of the amount of peptidoglycan present (e.g. gram-
positive and
gram-negative bacteria)
- Archaeal membranes (bi or monolyaers) have replaced the fatty acids
of bacterial membranes with isoprene
- Reproduction of Prokaryotic cells
- Binary Fusion - chromosome is replicated and the resultant
prokaryote is an exact copy of the parental prokaryote (no genetic
diversity).
- Transformation - in which a prokaryote can take up DNA found
within the environment that has originated from other
prokaryotes.
- Transduction - in which a prokaryote is infected by a virus which
injects short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to
another.
- Conjugation - in which DNA is transferred between prokaryotes by
means of a pilus
- Eukaryotic cells
- Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms that contain organelles or
other internal membrane-bound structures
- Eukaryotic cells further classified into Fungi, plants, animal cells, etc.
- Animal cells
- Centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell
microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle,
the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two
- Ribosomes comprise a complex macromolecular machine (i.e., link
amino acids together), found within all living cells, that serves as the
site of biological protein synthesis.
- Cell component
- Nucleus- contains chromosomes, made of chromatin (DNA and protein).
Contains nucleoli where ribosomal subunits are made. Pores regulate
entry and exit of materials.
- Ribosome - protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of
carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and
poisons
- Rough ER: aids in synthesis of secretory proteins from bound
ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins; produces new
membrane
- Golgi apparatus- modification of proteins, carbohydrates on
proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of polysaccharides;
sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles.
- Lysosome- breakdown of ingested substances, cell
macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling
- Vacuole- digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance,
