keywords key phrases
C3 Structure & Bonding
C3.1 - States of Matter
Melting Point: the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid, and this is the same as
the temperature needed to turn a liquid back into a solid
❖ There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases:
➢ Particles in solids can only vibrate against each other, and so have a fixed
shape and are hard to compress
➢ Particles in a liquid flow and slide over one another, and so can change
shape and often take up a little more space than the solid form would
➢ Particles in gases move around in random directions, colliding often and
therefore have no fixed shape of volume, making them easily compressible
❖ When changing state, no new substances are formed since it’s a physical change
and so can be easily reversed (eg. water in the forms of ice, water or water vapour
is all H20, just in different states)
❖ In melting and boiling, energy is transferred to the substance while in freezing
and condensing, energy is transferred to the surroundings
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C3.2 - Atoms into Ions
Compound: a substance containing two or more elements that are chemically
combined
Electron: a tiny particle with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus of atoms/ions in
shells
❖ Most atoms don’t have a stable electronic structure where their outer shell of
electrons is completely full (8) and so they have to either lose or gain electrons to
achieve this stable state that a noble gas has, and to do this, they can:
➢ Create ionic bonds, where the metal gains electrons and the non-metal
loses electrons through electron transfer
➢ Create covalent bonds where the non-metals share sets of electrons
❖ When non-metals, like chlorine, gain electrons in ionic bonding, the atom now
has one or more more electrons than protons in the nucleus. Think of it like a
scale; originally, there was a balance between proton (positive) and electrons
(negative), but now one negative has been added, you end up with an overall
negative charge
C3 Structure & Bonding
C3.1 - States of Matter
Melting Point: the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid, and this is the same as
the temperature needed to turn a liquid back into a solid
❖ There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases:
➢ Particles in solids can only vibrate against each other, and so have a fixed
shape and are hard to compress
➢ Particles in a liquid flow and slide over one another, and so can change
shape and often take up a little more space than the solid form would
➢ Particles in gases move around in random directions, colliding often and
therefore have no fixed shape of volume, making them easily compressible
❖ When changing state, no new substances are formed since it’s a physical change
and so can be easily reversed (eg. water in the forms of ice, water or water vapour
is all H20, just in different states)
❖ In melting and boiling, energy is transferred to the substance while in freezing
and condensing, energy is transferred to the surroundings
, keywords key phrases
C3.2 - Atoms into Ions
Compound: a substance containing two or more elements that are chemically
combined
Electron: a tiny particle with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus of atoms/ions in
shells
❖ Most atoms don’t have a stable electronic structure where their outer shell of
electrons is completely full (8) and so they have to either lose or gain electrons to
achieve this stable state that a noble gas has, and to do this, they can:
➢ Create ionic bonds, where the metal gains electrons and the non-metal
loses electrons through electron transfer
➢ Create covalent bonds where the non-metals share sets of electrons
❖ When non-metals, like chlorine, gain electrons in ionic bonding, the atom now
has one or more more electrons than protons in the nucleus. Think of it like a
scale; originally, there was a balance between proton (positive) and electrons
(negative), but now one negative has been added, you end up with an overall
negative charge
