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Samenvatting methoden en onderzoek 3: Evidence based practice

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Samenvatting methoden en onderzoek deel 3. Samengevat aan de hand van de cursus en powerpoints. Soms met aanvulling uit het handboek.

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1 DE ACHTERGROND VAN EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE...................................................................................3

1.1 AANZET EN INTRODUCTIE TOT EVIDENCE BASED HANDELEN........................................................................................3
1.2 HIËRARCHIE IN STUDIEDESIGNS EN VERSCHILLENDE TYPES EVIDENCE............................................................................3
1.2.1 RCT...........................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Cohort onderzoek....................................................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Patiënt (case)-control onderzoek............................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Dwars-doorsnede onderzoek..................................................................................................................6
1.2.5 Case reports.............................................................................................................................................6
1.2.6 Ecologische studies (staat niet in de piramide).......................................................................................6
1.3 WAT ZIJN REVIEWS – SYSTEMATISCHE REVIEWS – META-ANALYSES.............................................................................6
1.3.1 Definitie review.......................................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 De opbouw..............................................................................................................................................8
1.4 COCHRANE COLLABORATION..............................................................................................................................10
1.5 WAT ZIJN RICHTLIJNEN.....................................................................................................................................11
1.5.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................................................11
1.5.1.1 Richtlijn.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.5.1.2 Zorgstandaard................................................................................................................................................11
1.5.1.3 Protocol......................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.5.1.4 Zorgpad..........................................................................................................................................................12
1.5.2 Ontwikkelen richtlijn.............................................................................................................................13
1.5.3 Niveaus bewijskracht............................................................................................................................13
1.6 BASISKENNIS STATISTIEK BIJ MEDISCH ONDERZOEK.................................................................................................14
1.6.1 Descriptieve statistiek...........................................................................................................................14
1.6.1.1 CATEGORISCH................................................................................................................................................14
1.6.1.2 CONTINUE......................................................................................................................................................15
1.6.2 Descriptieve statistiek met 2 variabelen...............................................................................................16
1.6.3 Inferentiële statistiek.............................................................................................................................17
1.6.4 Statistische testen binnen inferentiële statistiek..................................................................................17

2 EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE....................................................................................................................... 18

2.1 INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................................18
2.2 DE JUISTE VRAGEN STELLEN...............................................................................................................................18
2.3 ZOEKEN EN SELECTEREN VAN LITERATUUR............................................................................................................20
2.3.1 Databanken...........................................................................................................................................20
2.3.2 Van PICO naar zoekactie.......................................................................................................................21
2.3.3 Gebruik van Boolean operators en truncations....................................................................................21
2.3.4 Filters of limits toepassen......................................................................................................................22
2.3.5 Tips, details en zoekgeschiedenis..........................................................................................................22


1

, 2.4 KRITISCH BEOORDELEN.....................................................................................................................................22
2.4.1 Beoordelen kwantitatief onderzoek......................................................................................................22
2.4.1.1 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid.......................................................................................................................22
2.4.1.2 Belang van resultaten....................................................................................................................................23
2.4.1.3 Generaliseerbaarheid of toepasbaarheid bevindingen..................................................................................23
2.4.1.4 Diagnose........................................................................................................................................................23
2.4.1.5 Herhaling methoden en onderzoek 2............................................................................................................24
2.4.1.6 Bijwerkingen en etiologie, risico en prognose...............................................................................................25
1.1.1.1.1. Validiteit................................................................................................................................................26
1.1.1.1.2. Belang...................................................................................................................................................26
1.1.1.1.3. Toepasbaarheid....................................................................................................................................26
2.4.1.7 Interventie onderzoek...................................................................................................................................27
2.4.2 Beoordelen kwalitatief onderzoek........................................................................................................27
2.4.3 Beoordelen systematische reviews.......................................................................................................27
2.4.4 Beoordelen richtlijnen...........................................................................................................................28
2.5 CONCLUSIES OPSTELLEN....................................................................................................................................29
2.5.1 Conclusie diagnostische onderzoeksvraag............................................................................................29
2.5.2 Conclusie onderzoeksvraag naar bijwerkingen en etiologie (prognostisch onderzoek).......................29
2.5.3 Conclusie therapeutische onderzoeksvraag..........................................................................................29
2.6 TOEPASSEN OP INDIVIDUELE PATIËNT: SHARED DECISION MAKING.............................................................................29




2

, 1 De achtergrond van Evidence based practice
1.1 Aanzet en introductie tot evidence based handelen
 Integreren individuele klinische expertise met beste externe bewijsmateriaal dat vanuit
systematisch onderzoek beschikbaar is. Voorkeuren, wensen en verwachtingen patiënt
spelen rol bij besluitvorming
 3 pijlers:
o Informatie uit bewijsmateriaal uit onderzoek
 Kan steeds nieuwe evidence opduiken met nieuwe inzichten
o Klinische ervaring, inzicht en kennis zorgprofessional
 Identificeren unieke gezondheidstoestand patiënt
o Toestand, voorkeur, ervaringen en verwachtingen patiënt
 Essentieel om mee te integreren in klinische beslissing


 EBP model = multidisciplinair overleg (shared decision making process)
o Onderzoek
o Afweging
o Adviseren
o Partnership
o Regie bij patiënt
 EBP drempels
o Vaardigheden en bewustzijn
o Tijd
o Ondersteuning
o Werkplek

1.2 Hiërarchie in studiedesigns en verschillende types evidence
Mogelijke typen van informatie geordend naar mate van evidence:
1. Meta-analyses en systematische reviews
2. RCT
3. Cohort studie
4. Case-control studie
5. Case reports
6. Ideeën en opinies
7. Dier onderzoek
8. In vitro onderzoek

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