NR 283 Week 2 Pre-Class Answers: Fall 2021/22 (solved)

NR 283 Week 2-Unit 2-Pre-Class Answers (Chapters 5, 6, 7, &20) Chapter 5: Inflammation and Healing 1. List and describe each of the 3 body defense mechanisms: a. 1 st line – mechanical barriers: Physical [skin, mucus membranes] & Chemical [lysosome-saliva/tears, skin’s acidic pH & fatty acid content, lactic acid & high salt concentrations in sweat] b. 2 nd line – nonspecific mechanisms: Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever, Antimicrobial Proteins [Interferon & Complement] c. 3 rd line – specific defense: Immune Response, Cell-mediated and/or Humoral Response; B and T cell; lymphocytes undergo selective process that specializes them for reacting to only 1 specific antigen or immunogen 2. What is the definition of inflammation? Body’s nonspecific response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, pain, & sometimes loss of function; intended to localize and remove an injurious agent. 3. What are possible causes of inflammation? Direct physical damage [cuts, sprains, caustic chemicals-acids/alkali, ischemia/infarction, allergic reactions, extremes of hot/cold, foreign body-splinters/glass, and infection. 4. Why is inflammation helpful to the body? It begins the process of healing, diluting toxic materials with ↑ of fluid to area, allows for clotting, antibodies arrive to fight any invading microbes, fibrin mesh started-begins wound closure ↓ microbe entry access, ↑ permeability brings more nutrients to heal faster. 5. Which cells phagocytize bacteria and microbes? 2 listed Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria; Macrophages leave bloodstream & phagocytize microbes. 6. Overall, what is the role of chemical mediators in inflammation? Damaged Mast cells and platelets release chemical mediators [histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, & leukotrienes] into interstitial fluid & blood. They aid in triggering the inflammation, prolonging, and can intensify the effects of other chemicals w/in response; some effects can be reduced by antihistamines and anti-inflammatory drugs. a. What are cytokines specific role? Cytokines are communicators in tissue fluids, they send messages to lymphocytes and macrophages, immune system, or hypothalamus to induce fever. b. How do anti-inflammatory drugs work to reduce inflammation? Non-Steroidal