ANATOMY 403 CHAPTER 25 The Digestive System

ANATOMY 403 CHAPTER 25 The Digestive System MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium of the mucosa of the GI tract is called the . A) adventitia B) lamina propria C) submucosa D) peritoneum Answer: B Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 2) The peritoneal fold situated as a "fatty apron" anterior to the small intestine is the . A) mesentery B) falciform ligament C) lesser omentum D) greater omentum Answer: D Topic: PERITONEUM 3) The structure attached to the soft palate that helps close off the nasopharynx during swallowing is the . A) fauces B) uvula C) epiglottis D) tongue Answer: B Topic: MOUTH 4) Which of the following is an intrinsic muscle of the tongue? A) longitudinalis superior B) hyoglossus C) genioglossus D) styloglossus Answer: A Topic: TONGUE 5) The salivary glands whose ducts open on either side of the lingual frenulum are the: A) parotid glands. B) sublingual glands. C) submandibular glands. D) buccal glands. Answer: C Topic: SALIVARY GLANDS 6) The material of a tooth that attaches it to the periodontal ligament is . A) dentin B) enamel C) cementum D) gingiva Answer: C Topic: TEETH 7) The functions of the esophagus include: A) secretion of enzymes. B) mixing of food and secretions. C) absorption of H2O and small nutrients. D) none of the above. Answer: D Topic: ESOPHAGUS 8) The stomach occupies the following abdominal region(s): A) umbilical. B) left hypochondriac. C) epigastric. D) all of the above. Answer: D Topic: STOMACH 9) Place the following in the correct order, as found in the muscularis layer of the stomach, from outermost to innermost:1. oblique layer2. circular layer3. longitudinal layer A) 2, 1, 3 B) 3, 1, 2 C) 1, 2, 3 D) 3, 2, 1 Answer: D Topic: STOMACH 10) The of the stomach is/are responsible for the production of gastric juice. A) rugae B) gastric glands C) fundus D) serosa Answer: B Topic: STOMACH 11) The head of the pancreas is located closest to the: A) curve of the duodenum. B) lesser curvature of the stomach. C) inferior surface of the liver. D) medial surface of the spleen. Answer: A Topic: PANCREAS 12) A portal triad in the liver consists of branches of the: A) common bile duct, and right and left hepatic ducts. B) hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. C) hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, and hepatic artery. D) hepatic artery, central vein, and hepatic vein. Answer: B Topic: LIVER 13) The functional unit of the liver is a: A) lobe. B) lobule. C) sinusoid. D) bile canaliculus. Answer: B Topic: LIVER 14) Liver cells called produce bile. A) stellate reticuloendothelial cells B) phagocytes C) hepatocytes D) endothelial cells Answer: C Topic: LIVER 15) Bile helps accomplish which of the following?1. chemical breakdown of protein2. emulsification3. absorption of fats4. maintenance of an alkaline pH in the duodenum A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 3, 4 Answer: C Topic: LIVER 16) The mucosa of the gallbladder: A) secretes bile. B) stores bile. C) removes water and ions from bile. D) consists of stratified columnar epithelium. Answer: C Topic: GALLBLADDER 17) The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla directly controls the flow of bile between: A) the liver and the gallbladder. B) the liver and the common bile duct C) the gallbladder and the cystic duct D) the common bile duct and the duodenum Answer: D Topic: GALLBLADDER 18) Peristaltic contractions: A) occur in the stomach, esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine. B) are primarily responsible for mixing the food with the digestive juices. C) are of similar strength throughout the digestive tract. D) all of the above. Answer: A Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 19) Which of the following is an anatomical feature of the small intestine that serves to I ncrease the surface area for digestion and absorption? A) lacteals B) microvilli C) rugae D) all of the above Answer: B Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 20) Which of the following is not a movement of the large intestine? A) peristalsis B) mass peristalsis C) segmentation D) haustral churning Answer: C Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 21) Contraction of which of the following aid in defecation?1. external anal sphincter2. circular colon muscles3. longitudinal rectal muscles4. internal anal sphincter5. diaphragm6. abdominal muscles A) 2, 3, 5, 6 B) 1, 2, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 3, 5, 6 Answer: D Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 22) Borborygmus is: A) a form of tooth decay that causes bad breath. B) a structure that connects the gallbladder to the liver. C) the noise that results from gas moving through the intestines. D) scar tissue in the liver that leads to cirrhosis. Answer: D Topic: KEY MEDICAL TERMS 23) Advancing a gastric tube from the oral cavity to the oropharynx must pass through the: A) fauces B) parotid gland C) chonae D) inferior meatus Answer: A Topic: MOUTH 24) The C-shaped “rings” of cartilage comprising the trachea allow for distension of which thoracic structure? A) pharynx B) esophagus C) aorta D) azygous vein Answer: B Topic: ESOPHAGUS 25) Which region of the stomach is positioned nearer to the liver? A) fundus B) cardiac C) greater curvature D) pylorus Answer: D Topic: STOMACH 26) Bile secreted from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice secreted from the pancreas enter which portion of the GI tract? A) cecum B) duodenum C) ileum D) jejunum Answer: B Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 27) Antacid tablets (e.g. TUMS, ROLAIDS) are used to help neutralize the acidity of gastric contents. What cells are responsible for this acidity? A) chief B) mucus C) rugae D) parietal Answer: D Topic: STOMACH HISTOLOGY TRUE/FALSE. Write "T" if the statement is true and "F" if the statement is false. 28) Enzymatic breakdown of food is a form of mechanical digestion. Answer: FALSE Topic: DIGESTIVE PROCESSES 29) In the wall of the GI tract, the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis each consist of two layers of smooth muscle cells, an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer. Answer: TRUE Topic: GENERAL HISTOLOGY OF THE GI TRACT 30) The palatine tonsils are located in the uvula, at the posterior border of the soft palate. Answer: FALSE Topic: MOUTH 31) The tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by a fold of mucous membrane called the labial frenulum. Answer: FALSE Topic: MOUTH 32) The secretory activity of the salivary glands is controlled via vasoconstriction and vasodilation of their blood vessels. Answer: FALSE Topic: SALIVARY GLANDS 33) In the permanent dentition, the teeth that have two cusps and two roots are the upper premolars (bicuspids). Answer: TRUE Topic: TEETH 34) The muscularis layer of the esophagus contains both skeletal and smooth muscle throughout its length. Answer: FALSE Topic: ESOPHAGUS 35) The greater curvature of the stomach is closer to the liver than is the lesser curvature. Answer: FALSE Topic: STOMACH 36) The four main regions of the stomach are cardia, fundus, cecum, and pylorus. Answer: FALSE Topic: STOMACH 37) The opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum is inferior to the opening of the main pancreatic duct. Answer: FALSE Topic: PANCREAS 38) As a result of the action of pancreatic enzymes, the following are digested in the lumen of the small intestine: carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides, nucleic acids. Answer: TRUE Topic: PANCREAS 39) Most pancreatic tissue is exocrine in function and is arranged in cell clusters called acini. Answer: TRUE Topic: PANCREAS 40) The pancreas is the largest and heaviest gland of the body. Answer: FALSE Topic: LIVER 41) The hepatic veins deliver nutrient-rich blood to the sinusoids of the liver. Answer: FALSE Topic: LIVER 42) Mucus in the intestine is secreted by goblet cells in the mucosa and by duodenal glands in the submucosa. Answer: TRUE Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 43) Paneth cells, plicae circulares, brush border enzymes and lacteals are all characteristics of the small intestine. Answer: TRUE Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 44) Pouches of the large intestine that give it a puckered appearance are called epiploic appendages. Answer: FALSE Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 45) The epithelial lining and glands of most of the GI tract are derived from endoderm; the smooth muscle and connective tissue develop from mesoderm. Answer: TRUE Topic: DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 46) Hepatitis is always the result of a viral infection. Answer: FALSE Topic: APPLICATIONS TO HEALTH ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 47) Describe the structure of a tooth and illustrate your answer with a labeled diagram. Answer: Diagram and description should contain: crown, root, neck, dentin, enamel, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal, apical foramen, cementum, periodontal ligament. Refer to Fig. 24.6, p. 724. Topic: TEETH 48) Describe the teeth of the permanent dentition in order from anterior to posterior. Answer: Refer to Fig. 24.7b and p. 725. Topic: TEETH 49) Describe the gross anatomy of the stomach. Illustrate your answer with a labeled diagram. Answer: Description and diagram should include the four regions of the stomach, the two regions of the pylorus, pyloric sphincter, rugae, and greater and lesser curvatures. See Fig. 24.10. Topic: STOMACH 50) Trace the route most commonly traveled by pancreatic juice, from its production until it is in the lumen of the intestine. Answer: Pancreatic juice may travel through the following: acini, small ducts, pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, major duodenal papilla. Topic: PANCREAS 51) Describe the route traveled by bile from the time it is secreted until it enters the duodenum. Answer: Bile travels through bile canaliculi (bile capillaries), bile ducts, right or left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, gall bladder, cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla. Topic: LIVER 52) Describe the route traveled by chyme from the time it leaves the ileum until it is expelled as feces from the body. As you mention the regions of the large intestine, state which are retroperitoneal. Answer: The following terms should be included: ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon (retroperitoneal), r. colic flexure, transverse colon, l. colic flexure, descending colon (retroperitoneal), sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus (internal involuntary sphincter, external voluntary sphincter). Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 53) Discuss the five forms of viral hepatitis, stating the causative agents, methods of transmission, and the health-related consequences of each type. Answer: Hepatitis A through E are discussed on p. 752. Topic: APPLICATIONS TO HEALTH SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 54) The plexus controls GI tract motility; the plexus controls GI tract secretions. Answer: myenteric, submucosal Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 55) The largest serous membrane of the body is the . Answer: peritoneum Topic: PERITONEUM 56) The only digestive organ attached to the anterior abdominal wall is the . Answer: liver Topic: PERITONEUM 57) The of the oral cavity is a space that extends externally from the teeth and gums to the cheek and lips. Answer: vestibule Topic: MOUTH 58) The is the passageway between the oral cavity and the oropharynx. Answer: fauces Topic: MOUTH 59) The papillae of the tongue that contain taste buds are and . Answer: fungiform, circumvallate Topic: TONGUE 60) The calcified connective tissue that forms most of a tooth, giving it shape and rigidity, is called . Answer: dentin Topic: TEETH 61) The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes is the . Answer: esophageal hiatus Topic: ESOPHAGUS 62) The is the inferior portion of the stomach that connects with the duodenum through the sphincter. Answer: pylorus, pyloric Topic: STOMACH 63) The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the merging of the duct and the duct. Answer: common bile, pancreatic Topic: PANCREAS 64) The four lobes of the liver are the , , , and . Answer: right, left, quadrate, caudate Topic: LIVER 65) The organ of the digestive system that receives both arterial (oxygenated) and venous (deoxygenated) blood is the . Answer: liver Topic: LIVER 66) Rugae are folds in the mucous membrane lining of two digestive organs: the and the . Answer: stomach, gallbladder Topic: GALLBLADDER 67) The three regions of the gallbladder are the narrow , the central , and the inferior . Answer: neck, body, fundus Topic: GALLBLADDER 68) Components of MALT, lymphatic nodules are located in the wall of the of the small intestine. Answer: ileum (third segment) Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 69) The three parts of the small intestine, in order of increasing length are , , and . Answer: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 70) Movement in the small intestine that is primarily responsible for mixing chyme with intestinal juice and that also facilitates absorption is called . Answer: segmentation Topic: SMALL INTESTINE 71) The longitudinal smooth muscle of the colon is arranged in three bands called . Answer: taeniae coli Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 72) of the large intestine is/are responsible for the final stage of digestion. Answer: bacteria Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 73) Oxygenated blood is supplied to the colon via branches of the abdominal aorta, the and the . Answer: superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 74) Deoxygenated blood from the colon flows through superior and inferior mesenteric veins to the . Answer: hepatic portal vein or liver Topic: LARGE INTESTINE 75) During embryonic development, the stomodeum gives rise to the and the proctodeum gives rise to the . Answer: oral cavity, anus Topic: DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MATCHING. Choose the item in Column 2 that best matches each item in Column 1. Match the layers of the wall of the GI tract in Column 1 with their descriptions in Column 2. 76) Column 1: lining epithelium Column 2: innermost layer Answer: innermost layer Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 77) Column 1: lamina propria Column 2: areolar tissue that contains most of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Answer: areolar tissue that contains most of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 78) Column 1: submucosa Column 2: areolar tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis Answer: areolar tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 79) Column 1: muscularis Column 2: may contain skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus Answer: may contain skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 80) Column 1: serosa Column 2: called visceral peritoneum in abdominal region Answer: called visceral peritoneum in abdominal region Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT 81) Column 1: muscularis mucosae Column 2: smooth muscle layer between lamina propria and submucosa layers Answer: smooth muscle layer between lamina propria and submucosa layers Topic: LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT Match the cells of the gastric glands in Column 1 with their secretions in Column 2. 82) Column 1: chief cells Column 2: pepsinogen and gastric lipase Foil: gastric lipase and hydrochloric acid Answer: pepsinogen and gastric lipase Topic: STOMACH 83) Column 1: parietal cells Column 2: hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor Answer: hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor Topic: STOMACH 84) Column 1: mucous cells Column 2: mucus Foil: mucus and pepsinogen Answer: mucus Topic: STOMACH 85) Column 1: G cells Column 2: gastrin Answer: gastrin Topic: STOMACH Match the functions of the liver in Column 1 with the most appropriate words in Column 2. 86) Column 1: excretes Column 2: bilirubin Answer: bilirubin Topic: LIVER 87) Column 1: stores Column 2: iron Answer: iron Topic: LIVER 88) Column 1: breaks this(these) down to produce acetyl coenzyme A Column 2: fatty acids Answer: fatty acids Topic: LIVER 89) Column 1: synthesizes Column 2: albumin Answer: albumin Topic: LIVER 90) Column 1: phagocytizes Column 2: bacteria Answer: bacteria Topic: LIVER Match the regions of the peritoneum in Column 1 with their descriptions in Column 2. 91) Column 1: mesentery Column 2: holds small intestine loosely in place and binds it to the posterior abdominal wall Answer: holds small intestine loosely in place and binds it to the posterior abdominal wall Topic: PERITONEUM 92) Column 1: mesocolon Column 2: holds large intestine loosely in place and binds it to the posterior abdominal wall Answer: holds large intestine loosely in place and binds it to the posterior abdominal wall Topic: PERITONEUM 93) Column 1: mesocolon Column 2: location of nerves and blood vessels that serve the large intestine Answer: location of nerves and blood vessels that serve the large intestine Topic: PERITONEUM 94) Column 1: falciform ligament Column 2: attaches liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall Answer: attaches liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall Topic: PERITONEUM 95) Column 1: lesser omentum Column 2: fold that runs from the stomach and duodenum to the liver Answer: fold that runs from the stomach and duodenum to the liver Topic: PERITONEUM 96) Column 1: greater omentum Column 2: a four-layered sheet that is suspended from the stomach, duodenum, and transverse colon Answer: a four-layered sheet that is suspended from the stomach, duodenum, and transverse colon Topic: PERITONEUM 97) Column 1: greater omentum Column 2: contains large quantity of adipose tissue and many lymph nodes Answer: contains large quantity of adipose tissue and many lymph nodes Topic: PERITONEUM