Inhoud
Waarom Methoden?..............................................................................................................................6
Iedere psycholoog moet kennis claims kunnen beoordelen...............................................................6
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding: Belang en Functies van kwalitatief onderzoek...................................................8
Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?............................................................................................................8
Kennistheoretische benadering in kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................8
Verschillen tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve kennistheorieën................................................9
Vergelijking kennistheorieën: neutrale onderzoeker?...................................................................9
Kwalitatief onderzoek in de empirische cyclus...................................................................................9
Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve vragen...............................................................................................11
Casussen oplossen:.......................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSIE.......................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 2: Zelf-Rapportage..............................................................................................................13
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................13
WAT?............................................................................................................................................13
WANNEER?...................................................................................................................................13
Zelf-rapportage en kennistheorieën.................................................................................................14
Kwantitatieve oplossingen:...........................................................................................................14
Kwalitatieve oplossingen:.............................................................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 3: Zelfrapportage en kwalitatieve interviews......................................................................15
Zelfrapportage: kwalitatieve interviews...............................................................................................15
Definitie interview + gebruik............................................................................................................15
Verschillende vormen.......................................................................................................................15
Volledig gestructureerd interview................................................................................................15
Ongestructureerd interview.........................................................................................................15
Semi-gestructureerd interview.....................................................................................................16
Interviews en kennistheorieën.........................................................................................................16
Opstellen van vragen en interview aan........................................................................................16
Rol onderzoeker...........................................................................................................................16
Hoe maak je een interview...............................................................................................................16
Types vragen.................................................................................................................................16
Volgorde vragen...........................................................................................................................17
De interviewer als instrument..........................................................................................................17
Interview techniek........................................................................................................................17
Soorten probes.............................................................................................................................17
1
,Zelfrapportage: Narratieven.................................................................................................................18
Definitie en afbakening.....................................................................................................................18
Co-contstructie/ conversationeel narratief..................................................................................18
Narratieven: voorbeelden: (nalezen: college 3 dia 44 – 53).........................................................18
Waarom narratieven?.......................................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 4: Focusgroepen..................................................................................................................20
Wat zijn focusgroepen......................................................................................................................20
Eigenheid focusgroepen...............................................................................................................20
Kenmerken focusgroepen.............................................................................................................20
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................21
tevreden.......................................................................................................................................21
Ontevreden niet-gebruiker focusgroepen....................................................................................21
Wanneer gebruiken in de psychologie.............................................................................................21
Primaire onderzoeksdoelen (= als onderzoek op zich)..................................................................21
Secundaire onderzoeksdoelen......................................................................................................22
Hoe verloopt een focusgroep onderzoek?........................................................................................24
STAP 1: plannen............................................................................................................................24
STAP 2: participanten en groepen................................................................................................24
STAP 3: praktisch: locatie, timing en aantal groepen....................................................................25
STAP 4: inhoud: vragen en volgorde voorbereiden......................................................................25
STAP 5: rol van moderator............................................................................................................26
STAP 6: registreren en analyseren van data.................................................................................26
Hoofdstuk 5: Kwaliteit en ethiek in kwalitatief onderzoek...................................................................27
Onderzoekskwaliteit.............................................................................................................................27
1: STANDAARDEN VAN KWALITEIT IN ALLE WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK................................27
Stappen in empirische onderzoek cyclus en bijhorende kwaliteitscriteria...................................27
2: standaarden van kwaliteit in kwantitatief vs. Kwalitatief onderzoek...........................................28
Hoe beoordeel je kwalitatief onderzoek?.....................................................................................28
Definities in kwantitatief onderzoek.............................................................................................28
Definities in kwalitatief onderzoek...............................................................................................29
Deel 2: onderzoeksethiek.....................................................................................................................31
Ethische basisprincipes.....................................................................................................................31
Psychologen geven voorrang aan het welbevinden (‘beneficence principle’)..............................31
Psychologen respecteren de rechten en waardigheid van participanten / cliënten (‘respect
principle’)......................................................................................................................................31
2
, Psychologen zijn verantwoordelijk en betrouwbaar in relatie tot participanten / cliënten (‘fidelity
& responsibility principle’)............................................................................................................31
Psychologen zijn integer in relatie tot participanten / cliënten en collega’s (‘integrity principle’)
......................................................................................................................................................31
Psychologisch onderzoek is sociaal rechtvaardig (‘justice principle’)...........................................31
Onderzoeksproces............................................................................................................................32
Omgeving van onderzoeker..............................................................................................................32
Ethische kwesties: informed consent...............................................................................................32
Inbreuken.....................................................................................................................................33
Ethische kwesties: privacy en databescherming...............................................................................33
Ethische codes..............................................................................................................................34
Hoofdstuk 6: observatiestudies............................................................................................................35
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................35
Definitie en afbakening.................................................................................................................35
Wanneer gebruiken?........................................................................................................................35
Experimentele observatie.................................................................................................................35
Gestructureerde natuurlijke observatie.......................................................................................37
Participerende observatie................................................................................................................38
Rol van de onderzoeker................................................................................................................38
Etnografie.....................................................................................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 7: onderzoeksopzet en gevalsstudies..................................................................................41
Wat is een onderzoeksopzet?...........................................................................................................41
Definitie en gebruik......................................................................................................................41
Methoden van dataverzameling?.................................................................................................41
Selectie van samples / cases?.......................................................................................................42
Methode van data-analyse?.........................................................................................................43
Waarom is ‘de late dienst’ voorbeeld van gevalsstudie?..................................................................43
Definitie en doel gevalstudie........................................................................................................43
Voorbeeld gevalstudie: “de late dienst”.......................................................................................44
Hoe doe je een gevalsstudie?...........................................................................................................45
stap 1: theorie ontwikkelen..........................................................................................................45
stap 2: afgrenzen & eenheden kiezen...........................................................................................46
stap 3: gevallen selecteren...........................................................................................................47
Hoe beoordeel je kwaliteit van gevalsstudie....................................................................................47
College 8: gecombineerde methoden..................................................................................................48
MIXED METHOD vs. MULTI METHOD...............................................................................................49
3
, WAARTOE gebruik je gecombineerde methoden?...........................................................................49
Triangulatie...................................................................................................................................49
Complementariteit.......................................................................................................................50
Initiatie.........................................................................................................................................51
Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................52
Expansie........................................................................................................................................53
5 modellen en variaties....................................................................................................................55
College 9: Transcriptie en organisatie/coderen....................................................................................57
Inleiding: verwerken van data..........................................................................................................57
Van data naar inzicht:...................................................................................................................57
Vragenlijsten met open antwoorden................................................................................................57
Segmenteren................................................................................................................................57
Coderen........................................................................................................................................58
Interviews en focusgroepen.............................................................................................................58
Transcriptie...................................................................................................................................58
Andere elementen voor de transcriptie:......................................................................................59
Coderen........................................................................................................................................59
observatiestudies.............................................................................................................................60
Letterlijk coderen..........................................................................................................................60
Functioneel coderen.....................................................................................................................61
College 10: thematische analyse of inhoudsanalyse.............................................................................63
Inleiding, definitie en gebruik...........................................................................................................63
Definitie........................................................................................................................................63
Gebruik.........................................................................................................................................63
Algemeen verloop............................................................................................................................64
Stap 1: Verkrijgen textuele data...................................................................................................64
Stap 2: ‘Analytic effort’.................................................................................................................64
Stap 3: thema’s en subthema’s identificeren...............................................................................64
Stap 4: verfijning van thema’s......................................................................................................64
Stap 5: interpretatie en samenhang.............................................................................................65
Stap 6: rapport schrijven..............................................................................................................65
Interpreteren ongestructureerd interview: Voorbeeld: “praten over ziekte”..............................66
Kwaliteit van inhoudsanalyse...........................................................................................................66
1. IBB Interbeoordelaarsbetrouwbaarheid...................................................................................66
2. Afdekking van de data..............................................................................................................67
3. Nieuwe inzichten......................................................................................................................67
4
Waarom Methoden?..............................................................................................................................6
Iedere psycholoog moet kennis claims kunnen beoordelen...............................................................6
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding: Belang en Functies van kwalitatief onderzoek...................................................8
Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?............................................................................................................8
Kennistheoretische benadering in kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................8
Verschillen tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve kennistheorieën................................................9
Vergelijking kennistheorieën: neutrale onderzoeker?...................................................................9
Kwalitatief onderzoek in de empirische cyclus...................................................................................9
Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve vragen...............................................................................................11
Casussen oplossen:.......................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSIE.......................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 2: Zelf-Rapportage..............................................................................................................13
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................13
WAT?............................................................................................................................................13
WANNEER?...................................................................................................................................13
Zelf-rapportage en kennistheorieën.................................................................................................14
Kwantitatieve oplossingen:...........................................................................................................14
Kwalitatieve oplossingen:.............................................................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 3: Zelfrapportage en kwalitatieve interviews......................................................................15
Zelfrapportage: kwalitatieve interviews...............................................................................................15
Definitie interview + gebruik............................................................................................................15
Verschillende vormen.......................................................................................................................15
Volledig gestructureerd interview................................................................................................15
Ongestructureerd interview.........................................................................................................15
Semi-gestructureerd interview.....................................................................................................16
Interviews en kennistheorieën.........................................................................................................16
Opstellen van vragen en interview aan........................................................................................16
Rol onderzoeker...........................................................................................................................16
Hoe maak je een interview...............................................................................................................16
Types vragen.................................................................................................................................16
Volgorde vragen...........................................................................................................................17
De interviewer als instrument..........................................................................................................17
Interview techniek........................................................................................................................17
Soorten probes.............................................................................................................................17
1
,Zelfrapportage: Narratieven.................................................................................................................18
Definitie en afbakening.....................................................................................................................18
Co-contstructie/ conversationeel narratief..................................................................................18
Narratieven: voorbeelden: (nalezen: college 3 dia 44 – 53).........................................................18
Waarom narratieven?.......................................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 4: Focusgroepen..................................................................................................................20
Wat zijn focusgroepen......................................................................................................................20
Eigenheid focusgroepen...............................................................................................................20
Kenmerken focusgroepen.............................................................................................................20
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................21
tevreden.......................................................................................................................................21
Ontevreden niet-gebruiker focusgroepen....................................................................................21
Wanneer gebruiken in de psychologie.............................................................................................21
Primaire onderzoeksdoelen (= als onderzoek op zich)..................................................................21
Secundaire onderzoeksdoelen......................................................................................................22
Hoe verloopt een focusgroep onderzoek?........................................................................................24
STAP 1: plannen............................................................................................................................24
STAP 2: participanten en groepen................................................................................................24
STAP 3: praktisch: locatie, timing en aantal groepen....................................................................25
STAP 4: inhoud: vragen en volgorde voorbereiden......................................................................25
STAP 5: rol van moderator............................................................................................................26
STAP 6: registreren en analyseren van data.................................................................................26
Hoofdstuk 5: Kwaliteit en ethiek in kwalitatief onderzoek...................................................................27
Onderzoekskwaliteit.............................................................................................................................27
1: STANDAARDEN VAN KWALITEIT IN ALLE WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK................................27
Stappen in empirische onderzoek cyclus en bijhorende kwaliteitscriteria...................................27
2: standaarden van kwaliteit in kwantitatief vs. Kwalitatief onderzoek...........................................28
Hoe beoordeel je kwalitatief onderzoek?.....................................................................................28
Definities in kwantitatief onderzoek.............................................................................................28
Definities in kwalitatief onderzoek...............................................................................................29
Deel 2: onderzoeksethiek.....................................................................................................................31
Ethische basisprincipes.....................................................................................................................31
Psychologen geven voorrang aan het welbevinden (‘beneficence principle’)..............................31
Psychologen respecteren de rechten en waardigheid van participanten / cliënten (‘respect
principle’)......................................................................................................................................31
2
, Psychologen zijn verantwoordelijk en betrouwbaar in relatie tot participanten / cliënten (‘fidelity
& responsibility principle’)............................................................................................................31
Psychologen zijn integer in relatie tot participanten / cliënten en collega’s (‘integrity principle’)
......................................................................................................................................................31
Psychologisch onderzoek is sociaal rechtvaardig (‘justice principle’)...........................................31
Onderzoeksproces............................................................................................................................32
Omgeving van onderzoeker..............................................................................................................32
Ethische kwesties: informed consent...............................................................................................32
Inbreuken.....................................................................................................................................33
Ethische kwesties: privacy en databescherming...............................................................................33
Ethische codes..............................................................................................................................34
Hoofdstuk 6: observatiestudies............................................................................................................35
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................35
Definitie en afbakening.................................................................................................................35
Wanneer gebruiken?........................................................................................................................35
Experimentele observatie.................................................................................................................35
Gestructureerde natuurlijke observatie.......................................................................................37
Participerende observatie................................................................................................................38
Rol van de onderzoeker................................................................................................................38
Etnografie.....................................................................................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 7: onderzoeksopzet en gevalsstudies..................................................................................41
Wat is een onderzoeksopzet?...........................................................................................................41
Definitie en gebruik......................................................................................................................41
Methoden van dataverzameling?.................................................................................................41
Selectie van samples / cases?.......................................................................................................42
Methode van data-analyse?.........................................................................................................43
Waarom is ‘de late dienst’ voorbeeld van gevalsstudie?..................................................................43
Definitie en doel gevalstudie........................................................................................................43
Voorbeeld gevalstudie: “de late dienst”.......................................................................................44
Hoe doe je een gevalsstudie?...........................................................................................................45
stap 1: theorie ontwikkelen..........................................................................................................45
stap 2: afgrenzen & eenheden kiezen...........................................................................................46
stap 3: gevallen selecteren...........................................................................................................47
Hoe beoordeel je kwaliteit van gevalsstudie....................................................................................47
College 8: gecombineerde methoden..................................................................................................48
MIXED METHOD vs. MULTI METHOD...............................................................................................49
3
, WAARTOE gebruik je gecombineerde methoden?...........................................................................49
Triangulatie...................................................................................................................................49
Complementariteit.......................................................................................................................50
Initiatie.........................................................................................................................................51
Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................52
Expansie........................................................................................................................................53
5 modellen en variaties....................................................................................................................55
College 9: Transcriptie en organisatie/coderen....................................................................................57
Inleiding: verwerken van data..........................................................................................................57
Van data naar inzicht:...................................................................................................................57
Vragenlijsten met open antwoorden................................................................................................57
Segmenteren................................................................................................................................57
Coderen........................................................................................................................................58
Interviews en focusgroepen.............................................................................................................58
Transcriptie...................................................................................................................................58
Andere elementen voor de transcriptie:......................................................................................59
Coderen........................................................................................................................................59
observatiestudies.............................................................................................................................60
Letterlijk coderen..........................................................................................................................60
Functioneel coderen.....................................................................................................................61
College 10: thematische analyse of inhoudsanalyse.............................................................................63
Inleiding, definitie en gebruik...........................................................................................................63
Definitie........................................................................................................................................63
Gebruik.........................................................................................................................................63
Algemeen verloop............................................................................................................................64
Stap 1: Verkrijgen textuele data...................................................................................................64
Stap 2: ‘Analytic effort’.................................................................................................................64
Stap 3: thema’s en subthema’s identificeren...............................................................................64
Stap 4: verfijning van thema’s......................................................................................................64
Stap 5: interpretatie en samenhang.............................................................................................65
Stap 6: rapport schrijven..............................................................................................................65
Interpreteren ongestructureerd interview: Voorbeeld: “praten over ziekte”..............................66
Kwaliteit van inhoudsanalyse...........................................................................................................66
1. IBB Interbeoordelaarsbetrouwbaarheid...................................................................................66
2. Afdekking van de data..............................................................................................................67
3. Nieuwe inzichten......................................................................................................................67
4
