Microbiology- Final Exam
True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism - answer False
What is the smallest biological unit of life? - answer cell
At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what? - answer Macromolecules
Proteins are formed from various combinations of __________ of which there are ____
known forms. - answer amino acids; 20
How many amino acids are classified as being essential amino acids? - answer 9
Where can the two major types of nucleic acids be found in the cell and what are their
roles? - answer While both DNA and RNA can be found in the nucleus (center of the
cell), only RNA is capable of leaving the nucleus. DNA contains a vast amount of
hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living
organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and
using it to synthesize proteins.
The plasma membrane (select all that are true):
A. Restricts movement of materials in and out of the cell
B. Is often a triple layer comprised of lipids
C. Prevents essential nutrients from escaping
D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing outward - answer A & C
How many carbon atoms are present in the monosaccharide glucose? - answer 6
True of False: The genetic material within a prokaryotic cell is contained within a
membrane-enclosed region. - answer False
True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea. - answer
True
Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies. - answer Coccus (round/spherical),
bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew)
True or False: Archaea is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions. - answer
True. Archaea can often be found in harsh conditions such as high salt levels, high acid
conditions, high temperatures and even oxygen-poor conditions.
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of organism?
A. Bacteria
,B. Eukarya
C. Archaea
D. Virus - answer B
True or false: All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are autotropic. -
answer False—they are heterotropic.
Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their energy by converting light
energy into chemical energy. - answer Plantae
A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of
following also contain chitin? Select all that apply.
A. Mushrooms
B. Bacteria
C. Yeast
D. Molds - answer A, C and D all contain chitin.
True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form
tissue layers. - answer True
The function of the Golgi is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - answer D. Within the Golgi complex proteins
are modified and then distributed throughout the cell.
The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - answer E
True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a
controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order to
maintain life. - answer False. Metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just those
that move.
True or False: Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to conserve energy. - answer
False. Enzyme catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.
What is a cofactor? And give a general example. - answer A cofactor is a small
chemical component that assists an enzyme during the catalysis reactions. A cofactor is
usually metal ions.
, Define anabolism. - answer Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of
macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes.
In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? -
answer Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore
the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of
protein
Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - answer ATP has
the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a
phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP →ADP + Pi) while ADP can be built
into ATP (ADP + Pi →ATP).
n organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a
_________ - answer Phototrophic microorganism.
An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would
be classified as a __________? - answer Lithotroph
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process?
A. Photophosphorylation
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation
C. Oxidative phosphorylation - answer B. The chemical compound losing the phosphate
group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions?
- answer The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2) Fermentation
or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC).
What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? - answer The
electron transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or
respiration) each yield only 2 ATP.
The presence of what molecule 'signals' to the cell that glycolysis is about to start? -
answer Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
True or False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces 2 ATP. - answer False.
Fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+
How many ATP does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle produce per pyruvate?
A. 1 ATP
B. 2 ATP
C. 4 ATP
D. 34 ATP - answer A. The TCA cycle produces only 1 ATP per pyruvate.
True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism - answer False
What is the smallest biological unit of life? - answer cell
At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what? - answer Macromolecules
Proteins are formed from various combinations of __________ of which there are ____
known forms. - answer amino acids; 20
How many amino acids are classified as being essential amino acids? - answer 9
Where can the two major types of nucleic acids be found in the cell and what are their
roles? - answer While both DNA and RNA can be found in the nucleus (center of the
cell), only RNA is capable of leaving the nucleus. DNA contains a vast amount of
hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living
organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and
using it to synthesize proteins.
The plasma membrane (select all that are true):
A. Restricts movement of materials in and out of the cell
B. Is often a triple layer comprised of lipids
C. Prevents essential nutrients from escaping
D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing outward - answer A & C
How many carbon atoms are present in the monosaccharide glucose? - answer 6
True of False: The genetic material within a prokaryotic cell is contained within a
membrane-enclosed region. - answer False
True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea. - answer
True
Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies. - answer Coccus (round/spherical),
bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew)
True or False: Archaea is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions. - answer
True. Archaea can often be found in harsh conditions such as high salt levels, high acid
conditions, high temperatures and even oxygen-poor conditions.
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of organism?
A. Bacteria
,B. Eukarya
C. Archaea
D. Virus - answer B
True or false: All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are autotropic. -
answer False—they are heterotropic.
Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their energy by converting light
energy into chemical energy. - answer Plantae
A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of
following also contain chitin? Select all that apply.
A. Mushrooms
B. Bacteria
C. Yeast
D. Molds - answer A, C and D all contain chitin.
True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form
tissue layers. - answer True
The function of the Golgi is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - answer D. Within the Golgi complex proteins
are modified and then distributed throughout the cell.
The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - answer E
True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a
controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order to
maintain life. - answer False. Metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just those
that move.
True or False: Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to conserve energy. - answer
False. Enzyme catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.
What is a cofactor? And give a general example. - answer A cofactor is a small
chemical component that assists an enzyme during the catalysis reactions. A cofactor is
usually metal ions.
, Define anabolism. - answer Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of
macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes.
In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? -
answer Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore
the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of
protein
Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - answer ATP has
the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a
phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP →ADP + Pi) while ADP can be built
into ATP (ADP + Pi →ATP).
n organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a
_________ - answer Phototrophic microorganism.
An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would
be classified as a __________? - answer Lithotroph
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process?
A. Photophosphorylation
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation
C. Oxidative phosphorylation - answer B. The chemical compound losing the phosphate
group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions?
- answer The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2) Fermentation
or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC).
What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? - answer The
electron transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or
respiration) each yield only 2 ATP.
The presence of what molecule 'signals' to the cell that glycolysis is about to start? -
answer Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
True or False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces 2 ATP. - answer False.
Fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+
How many ATP does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle produce per pyruvate?
A. 1 ATP
B. 2 ATP
C. 4 ATP
D. 34 ATP - answer A. The TCA cycle produces only 1 ATP per pyruvate.
