Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Geschiedenis, Theorie en onderzoeksmethoden..............................................................7
Theorie...............................................................................................................................................7
3 basisvragen in de ontwikkeling....................................................................................................7
Fasen in de ontwikkeling................................................................................................................9
Domeinen van ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................9
Multidimensioneel - veelvormig.....................................................................................................9
Invloeden op de ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................9
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................10
Vroege wetenschappelijke theorieën...........................................................................................10
Onderzoeksmethoden.....................................................................................................................11
Psychoanalystische benadering:...................................................................................................11
Behaviorisme en sociale leertheorie.............................................................................................13
Theorie ~ Piaget............................................................................................................................14
Informatieverwerkingstheorie......................................................................................................15
Ontwikkelingsneurowetenschap..................................................................................................15
3 contextuele theorieën...............................................................................................................16
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 3..........................................................................................................................................22
Prenatale ontwikkeling en invloeden...............................................................................................22
Bevruchting...................................................................................................................................22
Perioden prenatale ontwikkeling..................................................................................................22
Periode van het Embryo...............................................................................................................23
Periode van foutus........................................................................................................................24
Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden........................................................................................................24
Drugs/Medicijnen.........................................................................................................................26
Bestraling en Vervuiling Omgeving...............................................................................................27
Infectieziekten..............................................................................................................................27
Overige factoren moeder.............................................................................................................27
Prenatale begeleiding is belangrijk...............................................................................................28
(Natuurlijke) geboorte, medische ingrepen en geboortecomplicaties.............................................29
3 stadia van de geboorte..............................................................................................................29
Aanpassing baby aan arbeid en bevalling.....................................................................................29
De Apgar-schaal............................................................................................................................30
Benaderingen van bevalling..........................................................................................................30
1
, Geboortecomplicaties..................................................................................................................31
Medische ingrepen.......................................................................................................................31
Prematuren...................................................................................................................................32
Verbazende capaciteiten van pasgeborenen (reflexen, ‘states’, zintuigen).....................................34
Reflexen Pasgeborene..................................................................................................................34
States of arousal...........................................................................................................................35
Zintuigen.......................................................................................................................................36
Neonatal Behavioral AQSSESSMENT Scale (NBAS).......................................................................36
Aanpassen aan nieuw familielid.......................................................................................................38
Hormonale veranderingen............................................................................................................38
Aanpassingen aan veranderend gezin..........................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 5: cognitieve ontwikkeling bij baby’s en peuters................................................................39
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................39
Cognitieve ontwikkeling eerste 2 jaar...........................................................................................39
Theorie van Piaget (sensori-motorisch stadium)..............................................................................39
1ste stadum: sensori-motorische stadium (0-2 jaar)......................................................................39
Schema’s.......................................................................................................................................39
Circulaire reactie(CR)....................................................................................................................40
Later onderzoek (na Piaget)..........................................................................................................41
Evaluatie Piaget............................................................................................................................44
Informatieverwerkingstheorie..........................................................................................................44
Korte termijn geheugen................................................................................................................45
Lange-termijn geheugen...............................................................................................................45
Vooruitgang inzake informatie-verwerking in Baby/Peuter-leeftijd.............................................45
Geheugen.....................................................................................................................................46
Ontwikkeling van categorisatie.....................................................................................................46
Evaluatie Info-verwerking.............................................................................................................46
Sociale context van cognitieve ontwikkeling (Vygotsky)...................................................................46
Invloeden op cognitieve ontwikkeling: 3 theorieën......................................................................47
Individuele verschillen (intelligentietests en stimulering)................................................................47
Intelligentietests...........................................................................................................................48
Stimuleringsprogramma’s.............................................................................................................49
Taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................49
Theorie 1: Nativisme.....................................................................................................................50
Theorie 2: Interactionisme............................................................................................................50
Voorbereiding op praten..............................................................................................................50
2
, Vocalisaties en brabbelen.............................................................................................................51
Echt gaan communiceren.............................................................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 6: Emotionele en Sociale Ontwikkeling bij Baby’s en Peuters.............................................54
Theorie van Erikson..........................................................................................................................54
Psychosociale stadia bij baby’s en peuters...................................................................................54
Ontwikkeling van emoties................................................................................................................54
Begrijpen/Reageren emoties anderen..........................................................................................55
Sociale bevestiging zoeken (“social referencing”)........................................................................55
Zelf-bewuste emoties...................................................................................................................56
Emotionele zelfregulering.............................................................................................................56
Temperament en ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................56
Temperament...............................................................................................................................56
Ontwikkeling van gehechtheid.........................................................................................................61
Ethologisch theorie.......................................................................................................................61
Meten van gehechtheid................................................................................................................62
Patronen van gehechtheid............................................................................................................62
Stabiliteit gehechtheid..................................................................................................................63
Cultuurverschillen.........................................................................................................................64
Factoren die invloed hebben op veilige gehechtheid...................................................................64
Meervoudige gehechtheid............................................................................................................66
Gehechtheid en latere ontwikkeling.............................................................................................67
Ontwikkeling van het zelf gedurende de eerste 2 jaar.....................................................................68
Zelfbewustzijn...............................................................................................................................68
Zelf-controle.................................................................................................................................69
Hoofdstuk 7: Fysieke en cognitieve ontwikkeling bij kleuters..............................................................70
Piaget: Pre-operationele stadium.....................................................................................................70
Ontwikkeling verbeeldingsspel.....................................................................................................70
Egocentrisme................................................................................................................................71
Conservatie...................................................................................................................................71
Hiërarchische classificatie.............................................................................................................72
Preoperationeel stadium..............................................................................................................73
Vygotsky...........................................................................................................................................74
Private taal....................................................................................................................................74
Sociale oorsprong van denken......................................................................................................74
Vygotsky en onderwijs..................................................................................................................74
Evaluatie theorie Vygotsky...........................................................................................................75
3
, Informatieverwerkings-theorie.........................................................................................................75
Executieve functies: inhibitie, flexiebel van aandacht, werkgeheugen, planning.........................75
Geheugen: herkenning en herinnering; episodisch geheugen......................................................76
‘Theory of mind’: ‘false belief’......................................................................................................77
Vroege vormen lezen/schrijven....................................................................................................79
Wiskundig redeneren...................................................................................................................80
Individuele verschillen in mentale ontwikkeling (tests)....................................................................80
Factoren die bijdragen tot individuele verschillen:.......................................................................80
Thuisomgeving..............................................................................................................................80
Taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................84
Woordenschat..............................................................................................................................84
Grammatica..................................................................................................................................85
Conversatie...................................................................................................................................85
Ondersteunen van taalontwikkeling.............................................................................................86
Hoofdstuk 8: Emotionele en Sociale Ontwikkeling bij Kleuters............................................................87
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................87
Erikson: initiatief tegenover schuld..................................................................................................87
Zichzelf begrijpen.............................................................................................................................87
Zelf-Waardering............................................................................................................................88
Emotionele ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................88
Emotionele competenties.............................................................................................................88
Begrijpen van Emoties..................................................................................................................88
Emotionele Zelfregulering............................................................................................................88
Zelfbewuste emoties....................................................................................................................89
Empathie, sympathie en prosocial gedrag....................................................................................89
Relaties met leeftijdgenoten (‘peers’)..............................................................................................89
Follow-up onderzoek spelen met peers........................................................................................90
Culturele verschillen in spel..........................................................................................................90
Vriendschap..................................................................................................................................90
Invloeden ouders op relaties met peers.......................................................................................91
Fundamenten van moraliteit en agressie.........................................................................................91
Moraliteit......................................................................................................................................91
Psychoanalyse...............................................................................................................................91
Sociale leertheorie: model leren...................................................................................................92
Cognitieve ontwikkelingsbenadering............................................................................................94
Grondslagen van moraliteit en agressie.......................................................................................95
4
Hoofdstuk 1: Geschiedenis, Theorie en onderzoeksmethoden..............................................................7
Theorie...............................................................................................................................................7
3 basisvragen in de ontwikkeling....................................................................................................7
Fasen in de ontwikkeling................................................................................................................9
Domeinen van ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................9
Multidimensioneel - veelvormig.....................................................................................................9
Invloeden op de ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................9
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................10
Vroege wetenschappelijke theorieën...........................................................................................10
Onderzoeksmethoden.....................................................................................................................11
Psychoanalystische benadering:...................................................................................................11
Behaviorisme en sociale leertheorie.............................................................................................13
Theorie ~ Piaget............................................................................................................................14
Informatieverwerkingstheorie......................................................................................................15
Ontwikkelingsneurowetenschap..................................................................................................15
3 contextuele theorieën...............................................................................................................16
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 3..........................................................................................................................................22
Prenatale ontwikkeling en invloeden...............................................................................................22
Bevruchting...................................................................................................................................22
Perioden prenatale ontwikkeling..................................................................................................22
Periode van het Embryo...............................................................................................................23
Periode van foutus........................................................................................................................24
Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden........................................................................................................24
Drugs/Medicijnen.........................................................................................................................26
Bestraling en Vervuiling Omgeving...............................................................................................27
Infectieziekten..............................................................................................................................27
Overige factoren moeder.............................................................................................................27
Prenatale begeleiding is belangrijk...............................................................................................28
(Natuurlijke) geboorte, medische ingrepen en geboortecomplicaties.............................................29
3 stadia van de geboorte..............................................................................................................29
Aanpassing baby aan arbeid en bevalling.....................................................................................29
De Apgar-schaal............................................................................................................................30
Benaderingen van bevalling..........................................................................................................30
1
, Geboortecomplicaties..................................................................................................................31
Medische ingrepen.......................................................................................................................31
Prematuren...................................................................................................................................32
Verbazende capaciteiten van pasgeborenen (reflexen, ‘states’, zintuigen).....................................34
Reflexen Pasgeborene..................................................................................................................34
States of arousal...........................................................................................................................35
Zintuigen.......................................................................................................................................36
Neonatal Behavioral AQSSESSMENT Scale (NBAS).......................................................................36
Aanpassen aan nieuw familielid.......................................................................................................38
Hormonale veranderingen............................................................................................................38
Aanpassingen aan veranderend gezin..........................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 5: cognitieve ontwikkeling bij baby’s en peuters................................................................39
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................39
Cognitieve ontwikkeling eerste 2 jaar...........................................................................................39
Theorie van Piaget (sensori-motorisch stadium)..............................................................................39
1ste stadum: sensori-motorische stadium (0-2 jaar)......................................................................39
Schema’s.......................................................................................................................................39
Circulaire reactie(CR)....................................................................................................................40
Later onderzoek (na Piaget)..........................................................................................................41
Evaluatie Piaget............................................................................................................................44
Informatieverwerkingstheorie..........................................................................................................44
Korte termijn geheugen................................................................................................................45
Lange-termijn geheugen...............................................................................................................45
Vooruitgang inzake informatie-verwerking in Baby/Peuter-leeftijd.............................................45
Geheugen.....................................................................................................................................46
Ontwikkeling van categorisatie.....................................................................................................46
Evaluatie Info-verwerking.............................................................................................................46
Sociale context van cognitieve ontwikkeling (Vygotsky)...................................................................46
Invloeden op cognitieve ontwikkeling: 3 theorieën......................................................................47
Individuele verschillen (intelligentietests en stimulering)................................................................47
Intelligentietests...........................................................................................................................48
Stimuleringsprogramma’s.............................................................................................................49
Taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................49
Theorie 1: Nativisme.....................................................................................................................50
Theorie 2: Interactionisme............................................................................................................50
Voorbereiding op praten..............................................................................................................50
2
, Vocalisaties en brabbelen.............................................................................................................51
Echt gaan communiceren.............................................................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 6: Emotionele en Sociale Ontwikkeling bij Baby’s en Peuters.............................................54
Theorie van Erikson..........................................................................................................................54
Psychosociale stadia bij baby’s en peuters...................................................................................54
Ontwikkeling van emoties................................................................................................................54
Begrijpen/Reageren emoties anderen..........................................................................................55
Sociale bevestiging zoeken (“social referencing”)........................................................................55
Zelf-bewuste emoties...................................................................................................................56
Emotionele zelfregulering.............................................................................................................56
Temperament en ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................56
Temperament...............................................................................................................................56
Ontwikkeling van gehechtheid.........................................................................................................61
Ethologisch theorie.......................................................................................................................61
Meten van gehechtheid................................................................................................................62
Patronen van gehechtheid............................................................................................................62
Stabiliteit gehechtheid..................................................................................................................63
Cultuurverschillen.........................................................................................................................64
Factoren die invloed hebben op veilige gehechtheid...................................................................64
Meervoudige gehechtheid............................................................................................................66
Gehechtheid en latere ontwikkeling.............................................................................................67
Ontwikkeling van het zelf gedurende de eerste 2 jaar.....................................................................68
Zelfbewustzijn...............................................................................................................................68
Zelf-controle.................................................................................................................................69
Hoofdstuk 7: Fysieke en cognitieve ontwikkeling bij kleuters..............................................................70
Piaget: Pre-operationele stadium.....................................................................................................70
Ontwikkeling verbeeldingsspel.....................................................................................................70
Egocentrisme................................................................................................................................71
Conservatie...................................................................................................................................71
Hiërarchische classificatie.............................................................................................................72
Preoperationeel stadium..............................................................................................................73
Vygotsky...........................................................................................................................................74
Private taal....................................................................................................................................74
Sociale oorsprong van denken......................................................................................................74
Vygotsky en onderwijs..................................................................................................................74
Evaluatie theorie Vygotsky...........................................................................................................75
3
, Informatieverwerkings-theorie.........................................................................................................75
Executieve functies: inhibitie, flexiebel van aandacht, werkgeheugen, planning.........................75
Geheugen: herkenning en herinnering; episodisch geheugen......................................................76
‘Theory of mind’: ‘false belief’......................................................................................................77
Vroege vormen lezen/schrijven....................................................................................................79
Wiskundig redeneren...................................................................................................................80
Individuele verschillen in mentale ontwikkeling (tests)....................................................................80
Factoren die bijdragen tot individuele verschillen:.......................................................................80
Thuisomgeving..............................................................................................................................80
Taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................84
Woordenschat..............................................................................................................................84
Grammatica..................................................................................................................................85
Conversatie...................................................................................................................................85
Ondersteunen van taalontwikkeling.............................................................................................86
Hoofdstuk 8: Emotionele en Sociale Ontwikkeling bij Kleuters............................................................87
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................87
Erikson: initiatief tegenover schuld..................................................................................................87
Zichzelf begrijpen.............................................................................................................................87
Zelf-Waardering............................................................................................................................88
Emotionele ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................88
Emotionele competenties.............................................................................................................88
Begrijpen van Emoties..................................................................................................................88
Emotionele Zelfregulering............................................................................................................88
Zelfbewuste emoties....................................................................................................................89
Empathie, sympathie en prosocial gedrag....................................................................................89
Relaties met leeftijdgenoten (‘peers’)..............................................................................................89
Follow-up onderzoek spelen met peers........................................................................................90
Culturele verschillen in spel..........................................................................................................90
Vriendschap..................................................................................................................................90
Invloeden ouders op relaties met peers.......................................................................................91
Fundamenten van moraliteit en agressie.........................................................................................91
Moraliteit......................................................................................................................................91
Psychoanalyse...............................................................................................................................91
Sociale leertheorie: model leren...................................................................................................92
Cognitieve ontwikkelingsbenadering............................................................................................94
Grondslagen van moraliteit en agressie.......................................................................................95
4
