pharmacology RN

pharmacology RN Study Drugs administered into the GI tract are given via what route? enteral A PPD test is an example of what type of injection? Intradermal Drugs applied directly on the skin or mucous membranes exert a blank effect? Local Drugs that distribute throughout the body exert a blank effect? Systemic Drugs that come as an blank must be shaken well before administration? Emulsion A blank resists the acid environment of the stomach? Enteric coating A solid drug dispersed within a liquid is called a? Suspension Administration of a drug into the cerebrospinal fluid uses the blank route? intrathecal Blank tablets are placed under the tongue? Sublingual A tablet placed between the cheek and gum in the mouth is an example of blank administration? Buccal A drug compressed or molded into a specific shape is called a blank? Tablet A blank drug is administered directly into the bloodstream. intravenous Upgrade to remove ads Only $3.99/month A blank tablet is formulat3ed to release a drug slowly over an extended period? Sustained release A drug encased in a hard or soft gelatin container is known as a blank? capsule A blank is a concentrated solution of sugar in water? Syrup The technique of instilling drugs into a muscle uses the blank route? intramuscular A blank medication is administered over a few minutes, whereas a blank medication is administered over 20-60 minutes? IV push IV piggyback Blank drugs are administered under the skin into the fat and connective tissues? Subcutaneous Drugs administered into a joint space are called blank? intra-articular Name which injection site: Thin 24 year old man requiring 3cc of a viscous drug ABX IM? Vastus lateralis, and ventrogluteal Name which injection site: Average size 60 year old woman requiring 0.5cc of a thin drug IM? Deltoid, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, ventrogluteal Name which injection site: Newborn requiring 0.5cc of a thin drug vitamin K IM? Vastus lateralis, rectus femoris Upgrade to remove ads Only $3.99/month Name which injection site: Obese 40 year old man requiring 2.5cc of a thin drug narcotic IM? Vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, ventrogluteal Name which injection site: Average size 16 year old requiring 0.2cc of a thin solution insulin SC? upper lateral arms, abdomen, anterior medial mid-thigh The desired therapeutic effect of the drug? Pharmacotherapeutics 1. The changes that occur to the drug while it is in side the human body. 2. There are 4 phases name them? 1. Pharmacokinetics 2. 1. Absorption, 2. Distribution, 3. Metabolism, 4. Excreation The effects of the drug on the body (how the drug works)? Pharmacodynamics The conditions under which the drug should not be used or must be used carefully with monitoring? Do the benefits of this drug out weigh the risk. ex. pregnancy Contraindications and precautions The unintended and usually undesired effects that may occur with use of the drug? Adverse effects The effects that may occur when a drug is given a long with another drug, food, or substance, or just our bodies? Drug interactions Over all health of the patient? Health status Life span and gender? age and gender Lifestyle, diet and habits? Occupation, finances, substance use and exercise Environment? Where will the drug be administered Culture and inherited traits? Cultural beliefs and genetic traits. What is the goal of nursing drug therapy? To provide maximum benefit with minimal harm. What are these three things? 1. Maximize the therapeutic effects of a drug. 2. Minimize the adverse effects of a drug. 3. Provide patient and family education. Nursing management of drug therapy A systematic approach to the delivery of nursing care? Involves interdependent functions? Includes 5 phases name them? Nursing Process 1. Assessment 2. Nursing Diagnosis 3. Planning 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation Managing drug therapy using the nursing process. Name which process this is: 1. Current medications a patient is taking. 2. Interaction between medications. 3. Use of resources to identify drugs that are unfamiliar. 4. Use of prototype drugs to increase understanding of different medications. Assessment Name and example of a prototype drug? Morphine -Typical of a medication with in a drug class. -Typically the 1st drug of a class. -Drug has similar characteristics to all drugs in a class of drugs. -provides a systematic way to increase knowledge of medications. Prototype drugs Name the 3 sources of assessment data? 1. The patient interview and hx. 2. The physical examination. 3. The medical record. Name what this is: -Interpretation of data based on their relevance to drug therapy. -Nurse uses the drug knowledge and patient variables to determine any significant drug interactions. The purpose of data collection Provides information related to patient variables (health status) -Health status -Life span and gender -Environment-Culture and inherited traits Patient interview and hx -Focus on health status, lifespan, and gender -Comprehensive -Physical assessment of each body system -vital signs -Height and weight Physical examination -The medical record provided information about the patient's health status, lifestyle, diet, habits, and environment. -Laboratory test and diagnostic test results. -Drug history. Medical Record What does NANDA stand for? North American Nursing Diagnosis Association -Reflecting a current, actual problem or the risk for developing a problem related to drug therapy. -Diagnosis may reflect effects of drugs. -Highly individualized Nursing Diagnosis -Determine the desired results. -Are based on data collection. -Are specific to the patients drug regimen. Nursing Outcomes -Administer the drug in a manner that will promote its absorption. -Administer the drug at the appropriate time. -Monitor laboratory values. planning: maximizing therapeutic effects -Verify the patients allergies. -Assess for contraindication for the drug therapy. -Administer the drug in a manner consistent with standard safety protocols. -Monitor the patient and relevant laboratory findings. -Discontinue or withhold a drug based on assessment or lab findings. -Report evidence of adverse effects to the prescriber. -Modify administration techniques, when appropriate. -Implement appropriate assessment for certain drugs to detect the onset of adverse effects. Planning: Minimizing Adverse Effects -Based on core drug knowledge components. -Understand the drug's response. -Basics of teaching patient and family about drug therapy. Implementation Who should know of these things when giving a patient a drug: -Name of the drug? -Reason the drug was prescribed (pharmocotherapeutics)? -Intended effect of the drug (pharmodynamics)? -Important adverse effect that may occur? Teaching that the nurse should include to the family and patient. -Health status. -Life span and gender. -Lifestyle, diet, and habits. -Environment. -Culture and inherited traits. Implementation: based on core patient variables. -Measures the patient's progress. -Consider whether the drug achieved the desired effect. -Outcomes that are not achieved. Reassess to identify barriers to success. -Must identify the reason behind any treatment failure. Evaluation A partially synthetic agent contains a derivative of a natural substance combined with a pure chemical. -An advantage of synthetic drugs is that they are pure chemicals. Synthetic chemicals -Genetically engineered drugs developed using DNA technology. -Manipulate the chemical formulas of drugs to produce more specifically targeted drugs with fewer adverse effects. Genetically engineered chemicals Precisely describes the drugs atomic and molecular structure. Chemical name Identifies the drugs active ingredient. AKA nonproprietary name. This is the common name. Generic name Brand or proprietary name. How the patient recognizes the drug. Trade name -A drug should be ordered by the generic name. -Many trade names sound alike. -The nurse should check the drug name @ least 3x. Implications for nursing. -Drugs that share similar characteristics are classified as a pharmacologic group or family. -Allows for increased understanding of meds. Drug classifications Drugs that share similar characteristics can be classified by what 3 things? 1. Chemical classification. 2. Physiologic classification. 3. Therapeutic classification. 1. New drugs are continually being developed. -Nurses need reliable and up to date drug reference. 2. Where do you get that info? 1. sources of drug information. 2. 1. Drug publications. 2. Pharmacists. 3. Internet based drug guides. Name the 3 standards for drug purity and content. 1. Pure food and drug acts. 2. Federal food, drug, and cosmetics act of 1938. 3. Kefauver-Harris amendment. The 1st step is the discovery of a potential new drug molecule. Then preclinical and clinical trials are ran. Precedure for drug development and approval Are designed to provide basic safety, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and initial efficacy data about the drug. Preclinical trials Are preformed on humans in several phases. Clinical trials - ... -The prescribing, dispensing and storing of controlled substances is subject to governmental control. -procedures are precisely defined by law for every step, from manufacture to administration to wasting or discarding. -Many hospitals use an automated system to electronically track the use of stock drugs. Nursing management of controlled substances Education patients is a key safeguard in drug therapy. -Address pt learning needs. -Teaching focus and content. -Evaluating and documenting educational outcomes. -Consumer drug info. on the internet. Patient education as a safeguard in drug therapy -Nurses are legally responsible for the drugs they administer. -Safe drug administration requires a thorough understanding of therapeutic drug actions and adverse drug reactions. -In some clinical settings, nurses are allowed to modify drug regimens. -Application of the nursing process to the pahrmacologic aspects of patient care is especially important because long-term use of drug therapy is frequently necessary to control chronic disease processes. -Nursing management of drug therapy may be considered an applied science. Consumer drug information on the internet importance of nursing management of drug therapy -Is the achievement of the desired therapeutic goal from drug therapy. -Is the study of the clinical purpose the indication for giving a drug. -The desired pharmacotherapeutics can be to induce a cure or prevent a problem. -Nurses do need to question all orders if the intended effect does not correlate with the patients need to take it. Pharmacotherapeutics Is the movement of the drug particles inside the body. Pharmacodinetics Is the movement of the drug from the site of administration in to the blood stream. Absorption Is the movement of the drug in to the cells. Distribution Is the conversion of the drug in to another substance or substances. Metabolism Is the removal of the drug. Excretion Drug molecules move during all phases of pharmacokinetics. Process by which drugs move through the body. Name 3 ways drugs cross cell membranes. 1. First, they can pass between the spaces or channels between the molecules in the membrane. 2. Second, drugs can pass through the membrane with the help of a transport system. 3. Third, drugs can penetrate the membrane directly. Several variables affect the rate of drug absorption. Name 2 of them. 1. Depends on the route of administration. 2. Drug dissolution (ability to dissolve.) Name 2 things that can interfere with absorption. 1. Food 2. Other drugs Drugs that are administered orally generally take the shortest or longest to be absorbed? Longest