McKinley/O’Loughlin/Bidle
Anatomy and Physiology: An Integrative Approach, 2/e
Instructor Answer Key to In-chapter and End-of-chapter Questions
Chapter 1
Answers to “What Did You Learn?”
1. Comparative anatomy.
2. Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function.
3. Cardiovascular.
4. Anatomists focus on the form and structure of the small intestine. They examine the cells and tissues that form
the small intestine, and describe the layers of the small intestinal wall. Physiologists focus on the function of the
small intestine. They examine how the muscle of the smooth intestine propels food through the digestive tract and
describe the process by which nutrients are broken down and absorbed. Both anatomists and physiologists know that
form and function of the small intestine are interrelated.
5. The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment
provides them with a mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around
them changes.
6. A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function
of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits.
Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below.
7. The urinary system is responsible for filtering and removing waste products from the blood.
8. A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and
inferior sections.
9. Proximal.
10. The term antebrachial refers to the forearm, the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist.
11. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of the
parietal pleura lining the inside of the body wall and the visceral pleura lining the individual lungs.
12. Epigastric.
13. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a
muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus, a control system that integrates the input from the
receptor such as the brain or an endocrine gland, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes
in response to the stimulus.
14. The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood
to the surface of the skin, thereby decreasing the amount of heat lost to external environment. Another response
involves stimulation of skeletal muscles, causing “shivering” and thereby generating heat internally.
15. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the
environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses,
each increasing in intensity, until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.
1
,16. Diabetes, an inability of the body to maintain blood sugar levels, may result in damage to anatomical structures
throughout the body due to high levels of glucose.
Answers to “Do You Know the Basics?”
1. B
Feedback: Surface anatomy correlates superficial markings on the surface of the body and skin to deeper anatomical
features.
2. C
Feedback: Organs are often composed of several tissue types working in concert to perform a common function.
3. A
Feedback: An organism’s metabolism is the sum of all of its biochemical reactions.
4. C
Feedback: A midsagittal or median plane separates the body into equal right and left halves as compared to simply a
sagittal section, which separates the body into unequal right and left portions. There can be numerous sagittal planes
but only one possible midsagittal section along the midline of the body.
5. D
Feedback: The term proximal is used to describe the position of a structure on an appendage closest to the point
of attachment to the trunk. Although in standard anatomical position a structure that is proximal is often also
superior, proximal is the correct term for describing the position along an appendage. The term superior may be
used to describe positions along the axis of the body, closer to the head.
6. A
Feedback: The patellar region is the anterior portion of the knee. The popliteal region is the posterior portion of the
knee.
7. A
Feedback: The diaphragm comprises the barrier between the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominal
cavity. The pelvic cavity is located inferior to the superior edges of the pelvic bones.
8. D
Feedback: The pleural cavity surrounding the lungs consists of the parietal pleura lining the internal walls of the
thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura lining the surface of the lungs.
9. B
Feedback: Homeostasis is an automated process for maintaining a constant internal environment.
10. D
Feedback: The effector increasing the stimulus is an example of positive feedback. In a negative feedback
system, the response moves the system in opposition to the stimulus, back toward the set point.
11. Anatomy is the study of structure and form, whereas physiology is the study of how the structures function.
It is important to understand the anatomy of a structure in order to understand how it performs its function.
Conversely, understanding the function of an anatomical feature helps to put into perspective the significance of
its arrangement.
12. The simplest level of organization within an organism is found at the chemical level and is composed of atoms
and molecules. At the cellular level of organization, molecules are organized into cells and subcellular components,
forming the basic units of life. Groupings of similar cells performing similar functions are referred to as tissues,
and groups of tissues may be found working in concert, forming organs at the organ level of organization. Related
groups of organs working together in order to coordinate activities within the organism are called organ systems.
2
,13. A hierarchical organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, and
reproduction are characteristics common to all living organisms. All living things are arranged in a hierarchical
manner with increasing levels of complexity from molecules to cells. They are capable of metabolism, growth and
development, and responsiveness to stimuli. They are also able to regulate their internal environment in order to
maintain homeostasis, ultimately surviving long enough to reproduce.
14. The human body consists of eleven organ systems. They are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.
15. A body in anatomical position is standing upright with the feet flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the
side of the body with palms facing anteriorly. The head is level and the eyes are looking forward. The anatomic
position is the point of common reference used by anatomists and physiologists for accuracy and clarity. It
provides an initial point of reference, from which all anatomic parts are described.
16. The forearm is the antebrachial region, the wrist is the carpal region, the chest is the thoracic region, the
armpit is the axillary region, the thigh is the femoral region, and the entire foot is the pes.
17. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are located within the posterior aspect of the body. The cranial cavity
houses the brain and the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord.
18. The serous membranes are found lining the compartments of the ventral cavity of the body. They consist of a
parietal layer lining the inside of the body wall and a visceral layer covering internal organs. In between the two
membranes is a potential space, the serous cavity, which contains serous fluid.
19. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor that detects an internal or external stimulus, a control system that
integrates the input from the receptor, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response
to the stimulus.
20. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the
environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses,
each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.
Answers to “Can You Apply What You’ve Learned?”
1. B
Feedback: The pain is coming from a region below the umbilicus, hence it is in the lower portion of the abdomen
and it is located on the right side. It is therefore in the right lower quadrant.
2. D
Feedback: The right iliac region is located just medial to the pelvic bones.
3. B
Feedback: X-rays are not absorbed by soft tissue such as the appendix. They are usually used to visualize dense
structures.
4. B
Feedback: Sweat glands release sweat at the surface of the skin.
5. B
Feedback: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for regulating both pathways associated with depression in
the brain and gastric motility in the stomach. Drugs such as SSRIs are used to treat depression in individuals with
low levels of serotonin in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake by neurons. Because the SSRI drugs cannot
specifically target the brain, they also have an effect within the digestive system, causing nausea and diarrhea.
3
, Answers to “Can You Synthesize What You’ve Learned?”
1. Lynn has broken the bones within her forearm, the radius and ulna. She has an abrasion on her chin as
well as bruising on her buttocks and thigh.
2. The epinephrine counteracted the effect of the bee sting, acting in opposition to the stimulus; it was
therefore an example of negative feedback.
3. X-rays and CT scans are optimal for visualizing dense tissues such as tumors. An MRI or ultrasound would
be better suited for examining soft tissues.
4
Anatomy and Physiology: An Integrative Approach, 2/e
Instructor Answer Key to In-chapter and End-of-chapter Questions
Chapter 1
Answers to “What Did You Learn?”
1. Comparative anatomy.
2. Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function.
3. Cardiovascular.
4. Anatomists focus on the form and structure of the small intestine. They examine the cells and tissues that form
the small intestine, and describe the layers of the small intestinal wall. Physiologists focus on the function of the
small intestine. They examine how the muscle of the smooth intestine propels food through the digestive tract and
describe the process by which nutrients are broken down and absorbed. Both anatomists and physiologists know that
form and function of the small intestine are interrelated.
5. The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment
provides them with a mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around
them changes.
6. A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function
of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits.
Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below.
7. The urinary system is responsible for filtering and removing waste products from the blood.
8. A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and
inferior sections.
9. Proximal.
10. The term antebrachial refers to the forearm, the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist.
11. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of the
parietal pleura lining the inside of the body wall and the visceral pleura lining the individual lungs.
12. Epigastric.
13. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a
muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus, a control system that integrates the input from the
receptor such as the brain or an endocrine gland, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes
in response to the stimulus.
14. The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood
to the surface of the skin, thereby decreasing the amount of heat lost to external environment. Another response
involves stimulation of skeletal muscles, causing “shivering” and thereby generating heat internally.
15. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the
environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses,
each increasing in intensity, until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.
1
,16. Diabetes, an inability of the body to maintain blood sugar levels, may result in damage to anatomical structures
throughout the body due to high levels of glucose.
Answers to “Do You Know the Basics?”
1. B
Feedback: Surface anatomy correlates superficial markings on the surface of the body and skin to deeper anatomical
features.
2. C
Feedback: Organs are often composed of several tissue types working in concert to perform a common function.
3. A
Feedback: An organism’s metabolism is the sum of all of its biochemical reactions.
4. C
Feedback: A midsagittal or median plane separates the body into equal right and left halves as compared to simply a
sagittal section, which separates the body into unequal right and left portions. There can be numerous sagittal planes
but only one possible midsagittal section along the midline of the body.
5. D
Feedback: The term proximal is used to describe the position of a structure on an appendage closest to the point
of attachment to the trunk. Although in standard anatomical position a structure that is proximal is often also
superior, proximal is the correct term for describing the position along an appendage. The term superior may be
used to describe positions along the axis of the body, closer to the head.
6. A
Feedback: The patellar region is the anterior portion of the knee. The popliteal region is the posterior portion of the
knee.
7. A
Feedback: The diaphragm comprises the barrier between the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominal
cavity. The pelvic cavity is located inferior to the superior edges of the pelvic bones.
8. D
Feedback: The pleural cavity surrounding the lungs consists of the parietal pleura lining the internal walls of the
thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura lining the surface of the lungs.
9. B
Feedback: Homeostasis is an automated process for maintaining a constant internal environment.
10. D
Feedback: The effector increasing the stimulus is an example of positive feedback. In a negative feedback
system, the response moves the system in opposition to the stimulus, back toward the set point.
11. Anatomy is the study of structure and form, whereas physiology is the study of how the structures function.
It is important to understand the anatomy of a structure in order to understand how it performs its function.
Conversely, understanding the function of an anatomical feature helps to put into perspective the significance of
its arrangement.
12. The simplest level of organization within an organism is found at the chemical level and is composed of atoms
and molecules. At the cellular level of organization, molecules are organized into cells and subcellular components,
forming the basic units of life. Groupings of similar cells performing similar functions are referred to as tissues,
and groups of tissues may be found working in concert, forming organs at the organ level of organization. Related
groups of organs working together in order to coordinate activities within the organism are called organ systems.
2
,13. A hierarchical organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, and
reproduction are characteristics common to all living organisms. All living things are arranged in a hierarchical
manner with increasing levels of complexity from molecules to cells. They are capable of metabolism, growth and
development, and responsiveness to stimuli. They are also able to regulate their internal environment in order to
maintain homeostasis, ultimately surviving long enough to reproduce.
14. The human body consists of eleven organ systems. They are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.
15. A body in anatomical position is standing upright with the feet flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the
side of the body with palms facing anteriorly. The head is level and the eyes are looking forward. The anatomic
position is the point of common reference used by anatomists and physiologists for accuracy and clarity. It
provides an initial point of reference, from which all anatomic parts are described.
16. The forearm is the antebrachial region, the wrist is the carpal region, the chest is the thoracic region, the
armpit is the axillary region, the thigh is the femoral region, and the entire foot is the pes.
17. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are located within the posterior aspect of the body. The cranial cavity
houses the brain and the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord.
18. The serous membranes are found lining the compartments of the ventral cavity of the body. They consist of a
parietal layer lining the inside of the body wall and a visceral layer covering internal organs. In between the two
membranes is a potential space, the serous cavity, which contains serous fluid.
19. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor that detects an internal or external stimulus, a control system that
integrates the input from the receptor, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response
to the stimulus.
20. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the
environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses,
each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.
Answers to “Can You Apply What You’ve Learned?”
1. B
Feedback: The pain is coming from a region below the umbilicus, hence it is in the lower portion of the abdomen
and it is located on the right side. It is therefore in the right lower quadrant.
2. D
Feedback: The right iliac region is located just medial to the pelvic bones.
3. B
Feedback: X-rays are not absorbed by soft tissue such as the appendix. They are usually used to visualize dense
structures.
4. B
Feedback: Sweat glands release sweat at the surface of the skin.
5. B
Feedback: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for regulating both pathways associated with depression in
the brain and gastric motility in the stomach. Drugs such as SSRIs are used to treat depression in individuals with
low levels of serotonin in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake by neurons. Because the SSRI drugs cannot
specifically target the brain, they also have an effect within the digestive system, causing nausea and diarrhea.
3
, Answers to “Can You Synthesize What You’ve Learned?”
1. Lynn has broken the bones within her forearm, the radius and ulna. She has an abrasion on her chin as
well as bruising on her buttocks and thigh.
2. The epinephrine counteracted the effect of the bee sting, acting in opposition to the stimulus; it was
therefore an example of negative feedback.
3. X-rays and CT scans are optimal for visualizing dense tissues such as tumors. An MRI or ultrasound would
be better suited for examining soft tissues.
4
