Work Organization & Job Design – Lectures Year 2021-2022
Table of Contents
Lecture 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Lecture 1A – Work design from an organizational behaviour perspective ........................................................ 5
What is work? ............................................................................................................................................... 5
What is work design? .................................................................................................................................... 5
What is the importance of work design? ...................................................................................................... 6
A historical overview of work design ............................................................................................................ 6
Integrative and contemporary perspectives ................................................................................................. 6
Lecture 1B: Historical overview: Craft production (since the Middle Ages) and scientific management (since
the 1910s) .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Craft Production ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Scientific management.................................................................................................................................. 7
Mass Production ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Who was Frederick Winslow Taylor? ............................................................................................................ 8
Five scientific management principles: simplifying and optimizing work by following principles ................ 8
Evaluation Scientific Management ............................................................................................................... 8
Further influence of scientific management ................................................................................................. 8
Lecture 1C: Historical overview: Job characteristics theories (since the 1920s)................................................. 9
Job Characteristics Theories .......................................................................................................................... 9
Human Relations Theory (HRT; from 1930s) ............................................................................................... 10
Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs Theory .............................................................................................. 11
Herzberg’s (1959) Two-Factor Theory ........................................................................................................ 12
McGregor’s (1960) Theory X and Theory Y ................................................................................................. 13
Job Characteristics Model (from 1975) ....................................................................................................... 14
Lecture 1D: Historical overview: Sociotechnical systems and autonomous work groups (since the 1950s) .... 17
Socio-Technical Systems ............................................................................................................................. 17
Shift to Autonomous Work Groups ............................................................................................................. 18
Lecture 1E: Historical overview: Role and job demand theories (since the 1960s) .......................................... 19
Role Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Expansion of Role Theory: Work Family and work-life conflict .................................................................. 20
Expansion of Role Theory: Job crafting ....................................................................................................... 20
Karasek’s (1979) Job Demand Control Model ............................................................................................. 21
Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) Model ............................................................................................... 21
Job Demands Resources Model .................................................................................................................. 22
Lecture 1F: Integrative and contemporary perspectives of work design ......................................................... 23
Work Design Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................ 23
Expanded Work Design Model .................................................................................................................... 27
Theory of Purposeful Behaviour ................................................................................................................. 32
Antecedents of Work Design ...................................................................................................................... 32
Lecture 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Lecture 2A: Work Design in OM ....................................................................................................................... 34
What is Operations Management again? ................................................................................................... 34
Role of work design in OM? ........................................................................................................................ 34
Lecture 2B: Defining Work ............................................................................................................................... 35
Pyramidal structure of a task ...................................................................................................................... 35
Evaluating work ........................................................................................................................................... 35
, Studying work from an OM viewpoint ........................................................................................................ 35
Types of Work ............................................................................................................................................. 35
Productive work content............................................................................................................................. 36
Excess non-productive activities ................................................................................................................. 36
Lecture 2C: Describing the role of a worker in a transformation process ........................................................ 37
Resources: ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Elements of work system: ........................................................................................................................... 37
Lecture 2D: Distinguishing different tasks ....................................................................................................... 37
Analysis of different tasks ........................................................................................................................... 37
Workplace analysis: Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 38
Executive Tasks & Cycle time ...................................................................................................................... 38
Preparatory tasks ........................................................................................................................................ 38
Other tasks: ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Completeness of work ................................................................................................................................ 38
Lecture 2E: Understanding the importance of ergonomics ............................................................................. 39
Physical Ergonomics .................................................................................................................................... 39
Cognitive Ergonomics .................................................................................................................................. 39
Human Components ................................................................................................................................... 40
Machine Components ................................................................................................................................. 40
Environmental components ........................................................................................................................ 40
Objectives in ergonomics ............................................................................................................................ 40
Lecture 2F: Describing and applying different method analyses ..................................................................... 41
Method vs time study: ................................................................................................................................ 41
Process analysis........................................................................................................................................... 41
Operation analysis....................................................................................................................................... 42
Motion study ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Lecture 2G: Describing and applying different ways to measure work............................................................ 44
Time study ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Lecture 2H: Learning Effects ............................................................................................................................ 45
Basic idea of learning effects ...................................................................................................................... 45
Formulas...................................................................................................................................................... 45
Lecture 2I: Reasons to divide work and describing ways to link workplaces ................................................... 46
Why dividing work?..................................................................................................................................... 46
Several considerations for dividing work? .................................................................................................. 46
Two configurations of workplaces with equal worker utilization and increasing production resource
utilization .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Linking workplaces and impact on work characteristics ............................................................................. 46
Improving work characteristics of a traditional line ................................................................................... 47
Improving work characteristics of a functional structure ........................................................................... 47
Elements of a work system ......................................................................................................................... 48
Lecture 3: Antecedents of Work Design ......................................................................................................... 49
Lecture 3A: Formal and informal decision-making processes on work design ................................................ 49
Lecture 3B: Contextual and individual influences on work design ................................................................... 50
Higher-level external influences ................................................................................................................. 50
Organizational influences ............................................................................................................................ 52
Local Context Influences (the workgroup) .................................................................................................. 55
Individual influences ................................................................................................................................... 57
Question #1 What causes variation in work design? .................................................................................. 58
Question #2 Does work design mostly result from top-down contextual influences, or can employees and
managers affect work design? .................................................................................................................... 59
Question #3 Can employees shape work design? ....................................................................................... 59
2
, Question #4 How do formal and informal work design processes relate to one another? ........................ 59
Lecture 3C: Employee Job Crafting ................................................................................................................... 60
Crafting a Job .............................................................................................................................................. 60
Forms of job crafting and their effects ........................................................................................................ 61
Job crafting, job design, and work design ................................................................................................... 61
Manager-led and employee-led work design ............................................................................................. 61
Job crafting scale ......................................................................................................................................... 62
Meta-analytic factor structure of job crafting scale.................................................................................... 62
Lecture 3D: Which forces affect work design from an OM perspective? ......................................................... 63
Organizational influences ............................................................................................................................ 63
Local context ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Key takeaways ............................................................................................................................................. 64
Lecture 3E: Industrial revolutions and impact on work .................................................................................... 65
Technology in the workplace ...................................................................................................................... 65
Industrial Revolutions ................................................................................................................................. 65
Industry 4.0 technologies ............................................................................................................................ 65
How does this change the role of the operator? ........................................................................................ 67
What are the effects of digital technologies on job resources and job demands? ..................................... 67
Key takeaways ............................................................................................................................................. 68
Lecture 3F: Work design as a key to achieving benefits of digital technologies .............................................. 69
Intervention strategies ................................................................................................................................ 69
Takeaways ................................................................................................................................................... 69
Lecture 4 ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Lecture 4A: Integrative model of individual work performance ...................................................................... 70
Historical overview of 5 topic clusters in research on individual work performance ................................. 70
Development of an integrative model of work performance ..................................................................... 71
Takeaways from integrative model of work performance.......................................................................... 74
Lecture 4B: Antecedents and Outcomes of Individual Work Performance ...................................................... 75
Antecedents and outcomes of nine distinct types of individual work performance .................................. 75
Antecedents in Holistic Multilevel Model ................................................................................................... 79
Relationship between individual work performance and operational performance ................................. 80
Takeaways for work design ......................................................................................................................... 81
Lecture 4C: A distinction between human effects and system effects ............................................................. 81
Lecture 4D: are there trade-offs between human effects and system effects? ............................................... 83
Lecture 4E: What is a visual workplace and what are the functions of visual management? ......................... 84
Lecture 5 - Mediators and moderators of Work Design.................................................................................. 85
Lecture 5A – Mediators of Work design: why work design works ................................................................... 85
Job Characteristics Theory (JCT) .................................................................................................................. 85
JCT integrated into expanded model of work design.................................................................................. 86
Meta-analysis on work characteristics ........................................................................................................ 86
What will results be when all three psychological state scan mediate effects of all CJCs? ........................ 87
Conclusions on three critical psychological states as mediators ................................................................ 88
Job demands-resources model (lecture 1) .................................................................................................. 88
Lecture 5B – Demographics, KSAs, and Growth Needs Strength as moderatos of work design ...................... 91
Work characteristics, Demographics, KSAs, Growth Need Strength (Video Lecture #5B) .......................... 91
Lecture 5C – Fundamental Goals and Personality as Moderators of Work Design .......................................... 96
Personality and Fundamental Goals as Moderators ................................................................................... 96
Lecture 5D – Situation Strength and Trait Activation as Moderators of Work Design .................................... 99
3
, Trait Activation and Situation Strength as Moderators .............................................................................. 99
Lecture 6 ...................................................................................................................................................... 104
Lecture 6A: why study work design? .............................................................................................................. 104
Why study work design? ........................................................................................................................... 104
Lecture 6B: Introduction to the case GKN Fokker .......................................................................................... 104
Lecture 6C: Digitalization and impact on work design at GKN Fokker ........................................................... 107
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Table of Contents
Lecture 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Lecture 1A – Work design from an organizational behaviour perspective ........................................................ 5
What is work? ............................................................................................................................................... 5
What is work design? .................................................................................................................................... 5
What is the importance of work design? ...................................................................................................... 6
A historical overview of work design ............................................................................................................ 6
Integrative and contemporary perspectives ................................................................................................. 6
Lecture 1B: Historical overview: Craft production (since the Middle Ages) and scientific management (since
the 1910s) .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Craft Production ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Scientific management.................................................................................................................................. 7
Mass Production ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Who was Frederick Winslow Taylor? ............................................................................................................ 8
Five scientific management principles: simplifying and optimizing work by following principles ................ 8
Evaluation Scientific Management ............................................................................................................... 8
Further influence of scientific management ................................................................................................. 8
Lecture 1C: Historical overview: Job characteristics theories (since the 1920s)................................................. 9
Job Characteristics Theories .......................................................................................................................... 9
Human Relations Theory (HRT; from 1930s) ............................................................................................... 10
Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs Theory .............................................................................................. 11
Herzberg’s (1959) Two-Factor Theory ........................................................................................................ 12
McGregor’s (1960) Theory X and Theory Y ................................................................................................. 13
Job Characteristics Model (from 1975) ....................................................................................................... 14
Lecture 1D: Historical overview: Sociotechnical systems and autonomous work groups (since the 1950s) .... 17
Socio-Technical Systems ............................................................................................................................. 17
Shift to Autonomous Work Groups ............................................................................................................. 18
Lecture 1E: Historical overview: Role and job demand theories (since the 1960s) .......................................... 19
Role Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Expansion of Role Theory: Work Family and work-life conflict .................................................................. 20
Expansion of Role Theory: Job crafting ....................................................................................................... 20
Karasek’s (1979) Job Demand Control Model ............................................................................................. 21
Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) Model ............................................................................................... 21
Job Demands Resources Model .................................................................................................................. 22
Lecture 1F: Integrative and contemporary perspectives of work design ......................................................... 23
Work Design Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................ 23
Expanded Work Design Model .................................................................................................................... 27
Theory of Purposeful Behaviour ................................................................................................................. 32
Antecedents of Work Design ...................................................................................................................... 32
Lecture 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Lecture 2A: Work Design in OM ....................................................................................................................... 34
What is Operations Management again? ................................................................................................... 34
Role of work design in OM? ........................................................................................................................ 34
Lecture 2B: Defining Work ............................................................................................................................... 35
Pyramidal structure of a task ...................................................................................................................... 35
Evaluating work ........................................................................................................................................... 35
, Studying work from an OM viewpoint ........................................................................................................ 35
Types of Work ............................................................................................................................................. 35
Productive work content............................................................................................................................. 36
Excess non-productive activities ................................................................................................................. 36
Lecture 2C: Describing the role of a worker in a transformation process ........................................................ 37
Resources: ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Elements of work system: ........................................................................................................................... 37
Lecture 2D: Distinguishing different tasks ....................................................................................................... 37
Analysis of different tasks ........................................................................................................................... 37
Workplace analysis: Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 38
Executive Tasks & Cycle time ...................................................................................................................... 38
Preparatory tasks ........................................................................................................................................ 38
Other tasks: ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Completeness of work ................................................................................................................................ 38
Lecture 2E: Understanding the importance of ergonomics ............................................................................. 39
Physical Ergonomics .................................................................................................................................... 39
Cognitive Ergonomics .................................................................................................................................. 39
Human Components ................................................................................................................................... 40
Machine Components ................................................................................................................................. 40
Environmental components ........................................................................................................................ 40
Objectives in ergonomics ............................................................................................................................ 40
Lecture 2F: Describing and applying different method analyses ..................................................................... 41
Method vs time study: ................................................................................................................................ 41
Process analysis........................................................................................................................................... 41
Operation analysis....................................................................................................................................... 42
Motion study ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Lecture 2G: Describing and applying different ways to measure work............................................................ 44
Time study ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Lecture 2H: Learning Effects ............................................................................................................................ 45
Basic idea of learning effects ...................................................................................................................... 45
Formulas...................................................................................................................................................... 45
Lecture 2I: Reasons to divide work and describing ways to link workplaces ................................................... 46
Why dividing work?..................................................................................................................................... 46
Several considerations for dividing work? .................................................................................................. 46
Two configurations of workplaces with equal worker utilization and increasing production resource
utilization .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Linking workplaces and impact on work characteristics ............................................................................. 46
Improving work characteristics of a traditional line ................................................................................... 47
Improving work characteristics of a functional structure ........................................................................... 47
Elements of a work system ......................................................................................................................... 48
Lecture 3: Antecedents of Work Design ......................................................................................................... 49
Lecture 3A: Formal and informal decision-making processes on work design ................................................ 49
Lecture 3B: Contextual and individual influences on work design ................................................................... 50
Higher-level external influences ................................................................................................................. 50
Organizational influences ............................................................................................................................ 52
Local Context Influences (the workgroup) .................................................................................................. 55
Individual influences ................................................................................................................................... 57
Question #1 What causes variation in work design? .................................................................................. 58
Question #2 Does work design mostly result from top-down contextual influences, or can employees and
managers affect work design? .................................................................................................................... 59
Question #3 Can employees shape work design? ....................................................................................... 59
2
, Question #4 How do formal and informal work design processes relate to one another? ........................ 59
Lecture 3C: Employee Job Crafting ................................................................................................................... 60
Crafting a Job .............................................................................................................................................. 60
Forms of job crafting and their effects ........................................................................................................ 61
Job crafting, job design, and work design ................................................................................................... 61
Manager-led and employee-led work design ............................................................................................. 61
Job crafting scale ......................................................................................................................................... 62
Meta-analytic factor structure of job crafting scale.................................................................................... 62
Lecture 3D: Which forces affect work design from an OM perspective? ......................................................... 63
Organizational influences ............................................................................................................................ 63
Local context ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Key takeaways ............................................................................................................................................. 64
Lecture 3E: Industrial revolutions and impact on work .................................................................................... 65
Technology in the workplace ...................................................................................................................... 65
Industrial Revolutions ................................................................................................................................. 65
Industry 4.0 technologies ............................................................................................................................ 65
How does this change the role of the operator? ........................................................................................ 67
What are the effects of digital technologies on job resources and job demands? ..................................... 67
Key takeaways ............................................................................................................................................. 68
Lecture 3F: Work design as a key to achieving benefits of digital technologies .............................................. 69
Intervention strategies ................................................................................................................................ 69
Takeaways ................................................................................................................................................... 69
Lecture 4 ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Lecture 4A: Integrative model of individual work performance ...................................................................... 70
Historical overview of 5 topic clusters in research on individual work performance ................................. 70
Development of an integrative model of work performance ..................................................................... 71
Takeaways from integrative model of work performance.......................................................................... 74
Lecture 4B: Antecedents and Outcomes of Individual Work Performance ...................................................... 75
Antecedents and outcomes of nine distinct types of individual work performance .................................. 75
Antecedents in Holistic Multilevel Model ................................................................................................... 79
Relationship between individual work performance and operational performance ................................. 80
Takeaways for work design ......................................................................................................................... 81
Lecture 4C: A distinction between human effects and system effects ............................................................. 81
Lecture 4D: are there trade-offs between human effects and system effects? ............................................... 83
Lecture 4E: What is a visual workplace and what are the functions of visual management? ......................... 84
Lecture 5 - Mediators and moderators of Work Design.................................................................................. 85
Lecture 5A – Mediators of Work design: why work design works ................................................................... 85
Job Characteristics Theory (JCT) .................................................................................................................. 85
JCT integrated into expanded model of work design.................................................................................. 86
Meta-analysis on work characteristics ........................................................................................................ 86
What will results be when all three psychological state scan mediate effects of all CJCs? ........................ 87
Conclusions on three critical psychological states as mediators ................................................................ 88
Job demands-resources model (lecture 1) .................................................................................................. 88
Lecture 5B – Demographics, KSAs, and Growth Needs Strength as moderatos of work design ...................... 91
Work characteristics, Demographics, KSAs, Growth Need Strength (Video Lecture #5B) .......................... 91
Lecture 5C – Fundamental Goals and Personality as Moderators of Work Design .......................................... 96
Personality and Fundamental Goals as Moderators ................................................................................... 96
Lecture 5D – Situation Strength and Trait Activation as Moderators of Work Design .................................... 99
3
, Trait Activation and Situation Strength as Moderators .............................................................................. 99
Lecture 6 ...................................................................................................................................................... 104
Lecture 6A: why study work design? .............................................................................................................. 104
Why study work design? ........................................................................................................................... 104
Lecture 6B: Introduction to the case GKN Fokker .......................................................................................... 104
Lecture 6C: Digitalization and impact on work design at GKN Fokker ........................................................... 107
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