1. HESI Extra Credit Module 1 Exam – Developmental Stages and
Transitions
1. A nurse is providing information to a group of pregnant clients and
their partners about the psychosocial development of an infant.
Using Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what should the
nurse tell the group about the infants?
A. Rely on the fact that their needs will be met Correct
B. Need to tolerate a great deal of frustration and
discomfort to develop a healthy personality
C. Must have needs ignored for short periods to
develop a healthy personality
D. Need to experience frustration, so it is best to allow an
infant to cry for a while before meeting his or her needs
Rationale: According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development,
infants struggle to establish a sense of basic trust rather than a
sense of basic mistrust in their world, their caregivers, and
themselves. If provided with consistent satisfying experiences that
are delivered in a timely manner, infants come to rely on the fact
that their needs are met and that, in turn, they will be able to
tolerate some degree of frustration and discomfort until those needs
are met.
This sense of confidence is an early form of trust and provides the
foundation for a healthy personality. Therefore the other options are
incorrect.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the option that contains the closed-
ended word "must." Eliminate the options that are comparable or
alike and indicate that experiencing frustration is necessary. Review:
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development as it relates to the
infant.
Reference:
McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J. (2013).
Maternal- child nursing (4th ed., pp. 74-75). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
2. 2.ID: 9476987754
A nurse is weighing a breastfed 6-month-old infant who has been
brought to the pediatrician's office for a scheduled visit. The infant's
weight at birth was 6 lb 8 oz (2.9 kg). The nurse notes that the infant
now weighs 13 lb (5.9
kg). Which action should the nurse take?
, A. Tell the mother that the infant's weight is
increasing as expected Correct
B. Tell the mother to decrease the daily number of
feedings because the weight gain is excessive
C. Tell the mother that semisolid foods should not be
introduced until the infant's weight stabilizes
D. Tell the mother that the infant should be switched
from breast milk to formula because the weight gain is
Rationale: Infants
inadequate
usually double their birth weight by 6 months and
triple it by 1 year of age. If the infant is 6 lb 8 oz (2.9 kg), at birth, a
weight of 13 lb (5.9 kg) at 6 months of age is to be expected.
Semisolid foods are usually introduced between 4 and 6 months of
age.
Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject in the question, the
current weight of the infant. Recalling that infants double their
weight by 6 months of age will direct you to the correct option.
Review: the growth rate of an infant.
Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill,
J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 488-489). St. Louis:
Elsevier. Potter, P., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2013).
Fundamentals of nursing. (8th ed., p. 143). St. Louis: Mosby.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
3. 3.ID: 9476997157
A nurse performing a physical assessment of a 12-month-old infant
notes that the infant's head circumference is the same as the chest
circumference. Based on this finding, what should the nurse do?
A. Suspect the presence of hydrocephalus
B. Suggest to the pediatrician that a skull x-ray be
performed
C. Tell the mother that the infant is growing faster than
expected
D. Document these measurements in the infant's health-
care record Correct
Rationale: The head circumference growth rate during the first year
is approximately 0.4 inch (1 cm) per month. By 10 to 12 months of
age, the infant’s head and chest circumferences are equal.
Therefore, suspecting the presence of hydrocephalus, telling the
mother that the infant is growing faster than expected, and
suggesting that a skull x-ray be performed are incorrect. Test-
Taking Strategy: Eliminate the options that are comparable or alike
, indicate that the infant has a physiological problem. Review: the
expected growth rate of an infant.
Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J.
(2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., p. 69, 489-490). St. Louis:
Elsevier. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Integrated Process: Nursing
Process/Implementation Content Area:
Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Clinical Judgment, Development
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
4. 4.ID: 9476985787
A new mother asks the nurse, "I was told that my infant received my
antibodies during pregnancy. Does that mean that my infant is
protected against infections?" Which statement should the nurse
make in response to the mother?
A. "Yes, your infant is protected from all infections."
B. "If you breastfeed, your infant is protected from
infection."
C. "The transfer of your antibodies protects your infant
until the infant is 12 months old."
D. "The immune system of an infant is immature, and the
infant is at risk for infection." Correct
Rationale: Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies supplements
the infant’s weak response to infection until approximately 3 to 4
months of age. Although the infant begins to produce
immunoglobulin (Ig) soon after birth, by 1 year of age the infant has
only approximately 60% of the adult IgG level, 75% of the adult IgM
level, and 20% of the adult IgA level. Breast milk transmits additional
IgA protection. The activity of T-lymphocytes also increases after
birth. Even though the immune system matures during infancy,
maximal protection against infection is not achieved until early
childhood. This immaturity places the infant at risk for infection.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the option containing the closed-ended
word "all." Recalling that breastfeeding alone does not protect the
infant from infection will assist you in eliminating the option that
suggests breastfeeding protects the infant. From the remaining
options, use the strategy of selecting the umbrella option to answer
correctly. Review: the physiological concepts related to the maturity
of body systems in an infant.
References: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. &
Ashwill, J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 477-478). St.
, Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Development,
Immunity HESI Concepts:
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
5. 5.ID: 9476985720
A nurse is assessing the language development of a 9-month-old
infant. Which developmental milestone does the nurse expect to note
in an infant of this age?
A. The infant babbles.
B. The infant says "Mama." Correct
C. The infant smiles and coos.
D. The infant babbles single consonants.
Rationale: An 8- to 9-month-old infant can string vowels and
consonants together. The first words, such as "Mama," "Daddy,"
"bye-bye," and "baby," begin to have meaning. A 1- to 3-month-old
infant produces cooing sounds. Babbling is common in a 3- to 4-
month-old. Single-consonant babbling occurs between 6 and 8
months of age.
Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, the age of the infant.
Recalling the language development that occurs during infancy will
direct you to the correct option. Remember that an 8- to 9-month-old
infant can string vowels and consonants together. Review: the
developmental milestones related to language development in an
infant.
Reference:McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. &
Ashwill, J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 94, 112). St.
Louis: Elsevier. Level of Cognitive Ability: Understanding
Client Needs: Health Promotion and
Maintenance Integrated Process: Nursing
Process/Assessment Content Area:
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
6. 6.ID: 9476988639
The mother of a 9-month-old infant calls the nurse at the
pediatrician's office, tells the nurse that her infant is teething, and
asks what can be done to relieve the infant's discomfort. What should
the nurse instruct the mother to do?
A. Schedule an appointment with a dentist for a dental
evaluation
B. Rub the infant's gums with baby aspirin that has
been dissolved in water
C. Obtain an over-the-counter (OTC) topical medication for
gum- pain relief
Transitions
1. A nurse is providing information to a group of pregnant clients and
their partners about the psychosocial development of an infant.
Using Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what should the
nurse tell the group about the infants?
A. Rely on the fact that their needs will be met Correct
B. Need to tolerate a great deal of frustration and
discomfort to develop a healthy personality
C. Must have needs ignored for short periods to
develop a healthy personality
D. Need to experience frustration, so it is best to allow an
infant to cry for a while before meeting his or her needs
Rationale: According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development,
infants struggle to establish a sense of basic trust rather than a
sense of basic mistrust in their world, their caregivers, and
themselves. If provided with consistent satisfying experiences that
are delivered in a timely manner, infants come to rely on the fact
that their needs are met and that, in turn, they will be able to
tolerate some degree of frustration and discomfort until those needs
are met.
This sense of confidence is an early form of trust and provides the
foundation for a healthy personality. Therefore the other options are
incorrect.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the option that contains the closed-
ended word "must." Eliminate the options that are comparable or
alike and indicate that experiencing frustration is necessary. Review:
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development as it relates to the
infant.
Reference:
McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J. (2013).
Maternal- child nursing (4th ed., pp. 74-75). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
2. 2.ID: 9476987754
A nurse is weighing a breastfed 6-month-old infant who has been
brought to the pediatrician's office for a scheduled visit. The infant's
weight at birth was 6 lb 8 oz (2.9 kg). The nurse notes that the infant
now weighs 13 lb (5.9
kg). Which action should the nurse take?
, A. Tell the mother that the infant's weight is
increasing as expected Correct
B. Tell the mother to decrease the daily number of
feedings because the weight gain is excessive
C. Tell the mother that semisolid foods should not be
introduced until the infant's weight stabilizes
D. Tell the mother that the infant should be switched
from breast milk to formula because the weight gain is
Rationale: Infants
inadequate
usually double their birth weight by 6 months and
triple it by 1 year of age. If the infant is 6 lb 8 oz (2.9 kg), at birth, a
weight of 13 lb (5.9 kg) at 6 months of age is to be expected.
Semisolid foods are usually introduced between 4 and 6 months of
age.
Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject in the question, the
current weight of the infant. Recalling that infants double their
weight by 6 months of age will direct you to the correct option.
Review: the growth rate of an infant.
Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill,
J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 488-489). St. Louis:
Elsevier. Potter, P., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2013).
Fundamentals of nursing. (8th ed., p. 143). St. Louis: Mosby.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
3. 3.ID: 9476997157
A nurse performing a physical assessment of a 12-month-old infant
notes that the infant's head circumference is the same as the chest
circumference. Based on this finding, what should the nurse do?
A. Suspect the presence of hydrocephalus
B. Suggest to the pediatrician that a skull x-ray be
performed
C. Tell the mother that the infant is growing faster than
expected
D. Document these measurements in the infant's health-
care record Correct
Rationale: The head circumference growth rate during the first year
is approximately 0.4 inch (1 cm) per month. By 10 to 12 months of
age, the infant’s head and chest circumferences are equal.
Therefore, suspecting the presence of hydrocephalus, telling the
mother that the infant is growing faster than expected, and
suggesting that a skull x-ray be performed are incorrect. Test-
Taking Strategy: Eliminate the options that are comparable or alike
, indicate that the infant has a physiological problem. Review: the
expected growth rate of an infant.
Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J.
(2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., p. 69, 489-490). St. Louis:
Elsevier. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Integrated Process: Nursing
Process/Implementation Content Area:
Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Clinical Judgment, Development
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
4. 4.ID: 9476985787
A new mother asks the nurse, "I was told that my infant received my
antibodies during pregnancy. Does that mean that my infant is
protected against infections?" Which statement should the nurse
make in response to the mother?
A. "Yes, your infant is protected from all infections."
B. "If you breastfeed, your infant is protected from
infection."
C. "The transfer of your antibodies protects your infant
until the infant is 12 months old."
D. "The immune system of an infant is immature, and the
infant is at risk for infection." Correct
Rationale: Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies supplements
the infant’s weak response to infection until approximately 3 to 4
months of age. Although the infant begins to produce
immunoglobulin (Ig) soon after birth, by 1 year of age the infant has
only approximately 60% of the adult IgG level, 75% of the adult IgM
level, and 20% of the adult IgA level. Breast milk transmits additional
IgA protection. The activity of T-lymphocytes also increases after
birth. Even though the immune system matures during infancy,
maximal protection against infection is not achieved until early
childhood. This immaturity places the infant at risk for infection.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the option containing the closed-ended
word "all." Recalling that breastfeeding alone does not protect the
infant from infection will assist you in eliminating the option that
suggests breastfeeding protects the infant. From the remaining
options, use the strategy of selecting the umbrella option to answer
correctly. Review: the physiological concepts related to the maturity
of body systems in an infant.
References: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. &
Ashwill, J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 477-478). St.
, Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Development,
Immunity HESI Concepts:
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
5. 5.ID: 9476985720
A nurse is assessing the language development of a 9-month-old
infant. Which developmental milestone does the nurse expect to note
in an infant of this age?
A. The infant babbles.
B. The infant says "Mama." Correct
C. The infant smiles and coos.
D. The infant babbles single consonants.
Rationale: An 8- to 9-month-old infant can string vowels and
consonants together. The first words, such as "Mama," "Daddy,"
"bye-bye," and "baby," begin to have meaning. A 1- to 3-month-old
infant produces cooing sounds. Babbling is common in a 3- to 4-
month-old. Single-consonant babbling occurs between 6 and 8
months of age.
Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, the age of the infant.
Recalling the language development that occurs during infancy will
direct you to the correct option. Remember that an 8- to 9-month-old
infant can string vowels and consonants together. Review: the
developmental milestones related to language development in an
infant.
Reference:McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. &
Ashwill, J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 94, 112). St.
Louis: Elsevier. Level of Cognitive Ability: Understanding
Client Needs: Health Promotion and
Maintenance Integrated Process: Nursing
Process/Assessment Content Area:
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
6. 6.ID: 9476988639
The mother of a 9-month-old infant calls the nurse at the
pediatrician's office, tells the nurse that her infant is teething, and
asks what can be done to relieve the infant's discomfort. What should
the nurse instruct the mother to do?
A. Schedule an appointment with a dentist for a dental
evaluation
B. Rub the infant's gums with baby aspirin that has
been dissolved in water
C. Obtain an over-the-counter (OTC) topical medication for
gum- pain relief
