NUR 602 / NUR602
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
D&M 3 NDNP 864
Week 1: Early child development notes (chapter 6):
Toddler: 12-24 months
Preschoolers: 2-5 years old
WHO growth charts should be used to measure weight and length for children less than 24 months
CDC weight and length charts used for children older than 24 months
Average 24 month weighs 26 lbs, length 33.5 in and HC 18.5
in Most have no palpable fontanelle by 12 months
Ant fontanelle closes by 18-19 months
3-6 yrs weight gain expectation is 4.5-6.5 lbs/year
3-6 yrs height gain expectation is 2.5-3.5 inches/yr
4 yrs length at birth has doubled
4-5 years old legs grow faster than rest of the body
Use of dominant hand may appear as early as 8-12 months generally emerges 2-4 years old; handedness established at 5yrs
May develop bowel and bladder control by age 3, but many will not. Boys usually take longer than girls to maintain bedtime bladder
control.
Articulation:
-24 months- 25% is understood by a stranger
-24m-36m- 66% is understood by a stranger
-3 years old- 90% should be understood by a stranger
3 and 4-year-old have a normal hesitance or show stuttering, considered abnormal if beyond 5 years of age
Speech problems often can be from lack of stimulation, hearing problems, ear infections, developmental delay. Early detection
important.
,Lexicon:
girls typically say their first word between 8-11 months; boys by 14 months
2 year olds: have more than 200 words in their vocabulary
3 years old: 900 words in vocabulary
3-4 yrs old: able to follow simple commands, talks incessantly
4-5 year olds: add at least 50 new words a month; 1500-2100 words in vocabulary (including names, coins, colors, knows days of the
week)
5 year olds: should be able to define certain words with other words (cup: something you drink with)
Syntax:
8 months: develop receptive language- they understand what a word means before they are able to use it themselves
12-28 months: use holophrases (single words) to express whole ideas
18 months: use telegraphic speech (get milk, go bye-bye)
2 years old: short sentences
3 years old: add plurals, 3-4 word sentences
4 years old: past tense
5 years old: syntax is close to adult style, 5-6 word sentences
Peer relationships:
Toddler: parallel play
Preschoolers: more interactive and social, imaginary play
Body image:
Masturbation starts around 3-4 years old
Theories:
Erikson Industry Inferiority
team sports/cooperation children must learn that they will not be able to
Master social studies, math and reading master every skill they attempt
sense of competence and
accomplishment Criticism detrimental at this age
, Development of a of “superego” or
conscious develops during preschool
age
Piaget Concrete operations Ages 2-4-Starting to realize world outside their
More tolerant and perceptive of other’s own, realizing they can make things happen (shift
viewpoint from egocentric. Belief in “magical” power of
Children are able to use thought words.
processes to experience events and Ages 4-7- Preoperational intuitive thought- starting
actions to understand time concept but limited. Example
Judgments made based on reason may understand “after lunch” instead of in 2 hours.
(conceptual)
Kohlberg Judge an act based on consequences of Can accept the concept of treating others as they
(moral reward and punishment would want to be treated.
development) They know the rules and behaviors Judge an act based on intention not just
expected of this, but do not understand consequences
the reasons behind them
Piaget: Preoperational thinking (2-4yrs) - problem solving based on what they see directly
egocentrism - only about them
Centration - Focus only on 1 thing at a time
Animism - things around them are alive
Magical thinking - thoughts are all powerful - their thoughts can cause things to happen
Developmental Assessment:
BP starts at 3 years old or if at high risk
Hearing and Vision at 4-5 years old
Dentist: first tooth eruption or before 12 months; eruption of permanent teeth start at 5 yrs
, 3 years: Draw circle, cross and vertical/horizontal lines
4-5 years: Trace cross & copy a square, ties shoelaces
5-6 years: Draw a person, copies a diamond and triangle, can print name
2-4 yrs: Animism and magical thinking
Magical thinking continues into 4-7 years
Screening Tools:
Ages and stages Questionnaire: helps with evaluating fine and gross motor development
M-CHAT: evaluates for autism (used for children 16-30 months)
Early language milestone (ELM): brief screening for speech intelligibility (3-4 years old)
Preschool decision: parents should select a preschool with a play based learning curriculum
Immediate referral is required for children who stop eating, demonstrate cruelty to animals or other people, are self- harmful, start
fires, or talk of harming themselves, their peers or others
Children with scores below 85 on intelligence scales predictably have more difficulty in school
Language development is the best indicator of cognitive development, language delays may indicate serious issues that require
developmental and educational intervention
Vision screening 5y, 6y, 8y, 10y, 12y. Referral with acuity less than 20/40 (aap
guidelines) Hearing screening 5y, 6y, 8y, 10y. (aap guidelines)
Immunization:
Hep Bx3: NB, 1-2 mths, 6mths
Hib x4: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 12-15 mths
Rotavirus x3: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths
PCV x4: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 12-15 mths
DTaP x5: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 15-18 mths, 4yr
Polio x4: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 4-6y
MMR x2: 12-15mths, 4yr
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
D&M 3 NDNP 864
Week 1: Early child development notes (chapter 6):
Toddler: 12-24 months
Preschoolers: 2-5 years old
WHO growth charts should be used to measure weight and length for children less than 24 months
CDC weight and length charts used for children older than 24 months
Average 24 month weighs 26 lbs, length 33.5 in and HC 18.5
in Most have no palpable fontanelle by 12 months
Ant fontanelle closes by 18-19 months
3-6 yrs weight gain expectation is 4.5-6.5 lbs/year
3-6 yrs height gain expectation is 2.5-3.5 inches/yr
4 yrs length at birth has doubled
4-5 years old legs grow faster than rest of the body
Use of dominant hand may appear as early as 8-12 months generally emerges 2-4 years old; handedness established at 5yrs
May develop bowel and bladder control by age 3, but many will not. Boys usually take longer than girls to maintain bedtime bladder
control.
Articulation:
-24 months- 25% is understood by a stranger
-24m-36m- 66% is understood by a stranger
-3 years old- 90% should be understood by a stranger
3 and 4-year-old have a normal hesitance or show stuttering, considered abnormal if beyond 5 years of age
Speech problems often can be from lack of stimulation, hearing problems, ear infections, developmental delay. Early detection
important.
,Lexicon:
girls typically say their first word between 8-11 months; boys by 14 months
2 year olds: have more than 200 words in their vocabulary
3 years old: 900 words in vocabulary
3-4 yrs old: able to follow simple commands, talks incessantly
4-5 year olds: add at least 50 new words a month; 1500-2100 words in vocabulary (including names, coins, colors, knows days of the
week)
5 year olds: should be able to define certain words with other words (cup: something you drink with)
Syntax:
8 months: develop receptive language- they understand what a word means before they are able to use it themselves
12-28 months: use holophrases (single words) to express whole ideas
18 months: use telegraphic speech (get milk, go bye-bye)
2 years old: short sentences
3 years old: add plurals, 3-4 word sentences
4 years old: past tense
5 years old: syntax is close to adult style, 5-6 word sentences
Peer relationships:
Toddler: parallel play
Preschoolers: more interactive and social, imaginary play
Body image:
Masturbation starts around 3-4 years old
Theories:
Erikson Industry Inferiority
team sports/cooperation children must learn that they will not be able to
Master social studies, math and reading master every skill they attempt
sense of competence and
accomplishment Criticism detrimental at this age
, Development of a of “superego” or
conscious develops during preschool
age
Piaget Concrete operations Ages 2-4-Starting to realize world outside their
More tolerant and perceptive of other’s own, realizing they can make things happen (shift
viewpoint from egocentric. Belief in “magical” power of
Children are able to use thought words.
processes to experience events and Ages 4-7- Preoperational intuitive thought- starting
actions to understand time concept but limited. Example
Judgments made based on reason may understand “after lunch” instead of in 2 hours.
(conceptual)
Kohlberg Judge an act based on consequences of Can accept the concept of treating others as they
(moral reward and punishment would want to be treated.
development) They know the rules and behaviors Judge an act based on intention not just
expected of this, but do not understand consequences
the reasons behind them
Piaget: Preoperational thinking (2-4yrs) - problem solving based on what they see directly
egocentrism - only about them
Centration - Focus only on 1 thing at a time
Animism - things around them are alive
Magical thinking - thoughts are all powerful - their thoughts can cause things to happen
Developmental Assessment:
BP starts at 3 years old or if at high risk
Hearing and Vision at 4-5 years old
Dentist: first tooth eruption or before 12 months; eruption of permanent teeth start at 5 yrs
, 3 years: Draw circle, cross and vertical/horizontal lines
4-5 years: Trace cross & copy a square, ties shoelaces
5-6 years: Draw a person, copies a diamond and triangle, can print name
2-4 yrs: Animism and magical thinking
Magical thinking continues into 4-7 years
Screening Tools:
Ages and stages Questionnaire: helps with evaluating fine and gross motor development
M-CHAT: evaluates for autism (used for children 16-30 months)
Early language milestone (ELM): brief screening for speech intelligibility (3-4 years old)
Preschool decision: parents should select a preschool with a play based learning curriculum
Immediate referral is required for children who stop eating, demonstrate cruelty to animals or other people, are self- harmful, start
fires, or talk of harming themselves, their peers or others
Children with scores below 85 on intelligence scales predictably have more difficulty in school
Language development is the best indicator of cognitive development, language delays may indicate serious issues that require
developmental and educational intervention
Vision screening 5y, 6y, 8y, 10y, 12y. Referral with acuity less than 20/40 (aap
guidelines) Hearing screening 5y, 6y, 8y, 10y. (aap guidelines)
Immunization:
Hep Bx3: NB, 1-2 mths, 6mths
Hib x4: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 12-15 mths
Rotavirus x3: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths
PCV x4: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 12-15 mths
DTaP x5: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 15-18 mths, 4yr
Polio x4: 1-2 mths, 4 mths, 6 mths, 4-6y
MMR x2: 12-15mths, 4yr
