NSG 6005 ANCC Study Guide_ LATEST,100% CORRECT

NSG 6005 ANCC Study Guide_ LATEST HITECH Act (Health Information Technology for Economic & Clinical Health) • Promote meaningful use of health information technology o Privacy/security of PHI o Improve quality, safety, efficiency and reduce healthcare disparities o Improve care coordination, population health and public health o EHR (electronic health record) can engage patients and family • 2009 – Transition from paper to electronic charting, incentives to convert by 2015 • CDS – Clinical Decision Support • Best practice alert – based on clinical guidelines • Red Text – for abnormal results and VS • Condition-specific order sets/protocols American Telemedicine Association Practice Guidelines • Follow federal, state & local regulations & licensure requirements • Providers shall ensure that the patient is physically located in a jurisdiction in which the provider is duly licensed and credentialed. • Providers shall practice within the scope of their licensure and shall observe all applicable state and federal legal & regulatory requirements • Helpful for patients in rural areas with decreased access to care State Practice Act • NP’s legal right to practice is derived from state legislature • Dictate level of prescriptive authority allowed • Determines scope of practice, mandated education and requirements in each state State Board of Nursing • Enforces state’s nurse practice act, statutory authority to regulate nursing practice • Legal authority to License, monitor and discipline nurses Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA) • Prevent inappropriate transfers and “patient dumping” for indigent patients • Requires hospitals to assess & treat patients regardless of ability to pay and provides specific provision for when transfers are allowed. Consensus Model for Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) • Allow NP to practice as the fullest extent of their training and certification • National Counsel of the state BON in conjunction with numerous professional organizations • Advocates for the APRN title, independent prescriptive authority & establishes certain minimum standards for NP’s • ***NP’s are not required to have collaborating physician supervision under the consensus model Relative Risk • Probability of disease occurring between 2 groups (unexposed divided by exposed) • (Ex: lung CA in smokers vs non-smokers) Incidence = new cases of disease (i.e. new outbreak of malaria) Prevalence = current cases of disease Sensitivity = Yes, Rule in, True positive Specificity = No, Rule out, True negative Medicaid: government aid to low income. Funded by federal & state. Coverage varies in each state (if you move to a new state, coverage may change!) Medicare: 65 & older. ONLY federally funded. ESRD pts. o A: Inpatient –Hospital, includes pscyh, hospice, SNF, home health o B: Outpatient—Primary care, ER visits, health screening, DME (Durable medical equipment), custodial care (nursing home, ADLs in home), smoking cessation, vaccines o C: “Extra”—dental (dentures), vision (prescription glasses), hearing o D: “Drugs”—prescription drugs, non-formulary patient must pay DME (Durable Medical Equipment) • Wheelchair, hospital bed, nebulizer machine, glucometer • Documentation requires provider had a face-to-face exam with pt in 6 months, with evaluation for specific condition requiring DME Research Hierarchy –Level of Evidence –MS REC CEO • Meta-Analysis (Cochrane, Medline, Pubmed, CINAHL, Strongest*, statistical) • Systematic Review – general review, no stats • RCT – Double-blind (no selection bias) • Experimental –control vs experimental but not double-blind randomization • Cohort –Retrospective/prospective, no experiment – study of patients • Case Study –case of 1 person • Editorial –“Letter to editor” • Opinion –“consensus statement” Reliability =Consistency (Repeat research and get same result over and over) Validity =Accuracy (Measures what it is supposed to measure; Reproducible) Internal Validity: • Threat in research itself. Confounding variables. • Achieved by using controls/ random assignment (only independent variable should affect dependent variable) External Validity: • Threat outside the research. • Can you generalize the research? (apply to other populations and situations) • Threatened by selection bias (only one culture of people), drop outs, bad history and reliability measures. Independent Variable = Can be manipulated/changed. Dependent Variable = Depends on independent variable. Ex: Weight loss (dv) is dependent on exercise (iv). Diet pills are confounding variable. Statistical Terms • T test – compares one variable between 2 groups (statistical difference) • P value- statistical hypothesis, probability of error or chance, level of significance (ideal is 0.01, bad is 0.5) • Standard deviation- average deviation from the mean • Confidence Interval- reliability of an estimate (probability of parameter estimated) • N= total size of sample • n= total number of subjects in sub-group • Normal curve= bell-shaped curve • Quantitative – deductive reasoning (Top  Down, General  Specific) o Experimental- randomization and control group o Quasi-experimental –no comparison group or randomization o Non-experimental- Descriptive & correlational • Qualitative –inductive reasoning (Bottom Up, Specific General) o Case studies, field observations, interview Selection bias: systematic difference between two groups at baseline; happens when you are still selecting subjects. I the research still going. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) • Designed to ensure the rights of the human subjects who are participating in research studies in their hospital or clinic. Have the rights and responsibilities to approve or reject the project. Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment • 600 African American Sharecroppers (1932 to 1972) from Alabama. Men tested for syphilis – those positive were not informed or treated. Many suffered and infected others without their knowledge • Laws were passed to protect human subjects’ rights and mandate informed consent. Infant Mortality Rate: # of deaths of infants 12 mos per 1000 live births. Nurse Practitioner History • Loretta Ford, Henry Silver – First program U of Colorado in 1978, pediatric program Quality Assurance = Patient Outcomes Ex. Problem of diabetic neuropathy; outcome measure is A1C • Improve quality of care and patient satisfaction • Decrease pt complications, hospitalizations, mortality, system errors, Risk Management = Patient Safety Ex. Fall Prevention, preventing medication errors, hospital-acquired infections Root Cause Analysis (RCA): process to identify contributing factors of sentinel events; focus on system and not on blaming individuals Sentinel Event: patient safety event that results in death, permanent injury and/or severe harm with intervention required to sustain life Swiss Cheese Model • Goal of Patient safety = adequate safeguards to prevent error (rather than trying to correct behavior) • Holes are opportunities for the process to fail, each layer is an opportunity to stop an error • Systems approach rather than person approach (humans are fallible- errors are to be expected Motivational Interviewing – goal to create change • encourage pt to be active in change process • Collaborative, non-confrontational, promote empathy Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model of Change) – PCP in the AM • Pre-contemplation –no desire to change, denial • Contemplation—considers change, recognizes behavior • Preparation—states ready to make change • Action—taking steps to change • Maintenance—relapse prevention Lewin’s Change Model • Unfreezing –assess barriers/reason for change, plan for change • Driving Forces –redesign roles/responsibilities, new training, change happens • Refreezing—pay/reward, measurement, change becomes habit/standard Kotters 8-Step Change Model • Create a sense of urgency • Build a guiding coalition - assembling a group with the power & energy to lead and support a collaborative change effort (i.e. NP’s creating a task force to address scope of practice concerns) • Form a strategic mission & initiative (develop goals for organization) • Enlist a volunteer army (get other team members on board) • Enable action by removing barriers (Software cost and labor) • Generate short-term wins (Incentive – such as reward or salary increase if goals met) • Sustain acceleration (Discuss areas of improvement) • Institute change- Anchor the change within the organization and across the entire system. Ethical Concepts • Beneficience – do good • Nonmaleficience –do no harm • Veracity – tell truth • Fidelity – keep promises • Justice -fairness • Autonomy –respect pt’s decisions o Informed consent: pt makes decisions with knowledge of risks/benefits • Utilitarianism – benefits majority Malpractice =must prove 4 things • Duty is owed • Duty was breached • Breach caused injury (proximal cause) • Damage occurred Expert witness must practice in same geographic area Negligence =no injury, but breach occurred, failure to do what any reasonably minded person would do Malpractice Insurance Claims-based: only covers NP when claim is filed while NP is still at job & covered Tail coverage: can be added to protect in future Occurrence-based: not affected by job change or retirement Confidentiality: Not sharing medical info/records. Protect pt identify and PHI Privacy: Preserving dignity (i.e. closing curtain, sharing pt diagnosis in private area) HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act) Requirements: • HIPAA policy given to/reviewed by patient • Patients can review their medical records (unless mental health provider refuses) • Patient can correct errors in their record Exceptions: • Contact health plan/insurance company • Contact third party business associate (accounting, legal, administrative) • Medical billing, collections for unpaid bills • Consult with other health care providers (including peers) • Health care operations (reviews/audits) • Report abuse/neglect or domestic violence, SI/HI HIPAA Office Rules: • Protect name on chart (chart facing door) • Sign-in sheet (NO diagnosis; only name, date, time) • Call pt from lobby by first name only (if 2, then first initial of last name) • Voicemail message: concise 60 secs, 3 calls/wk (can give appt reminder, notification about prescription, pre-op/post-op instructions) • Can only leave lab results if pt has given specific consent to do so Emancipated Minors: marriage, court order, active military Minor’s Confidentiality: STDs, birth control, pregnancy Social Determinants of Health • Cultural, community, social, behavioral • Educational background (more high school grads, more enrollment in higher ed, language/literacy) • Socioeconomic factors (economic stability) Cultural Differences: • African Americans o Religious coping, use minister to help decisions o Illness caused by lack of faith or sin o Many female head of household (matriarchal) • Latinos/Hispanics o Mal de ojo – “evil eye” –adult stares with envy at child; broken by touching head/shoulder or passing an egg over the child o Multi-generational –ALL family often stays for results o “susto” – cultural illness, means “fright” o “respeto” – call adults senor or senora • Native Americans o Silent periods, no loud speaking o Decreased eye contact o Illness is “punishment” by spirits for wrongful actions o Healing by “shamans” with prayers, dancing, fasting, smudging (burning an herb to cleanse) or ingesting hallucinogenic plants (peyote), tie on medicine pouches o Poor health- lower life expectancy, leading cause of death is heart disease • Sikns (Khalsa) o Wear 5 symbols: uncut hair, sword, shorts, hair comb, iron wrist ring (don’t remove without consent!) o No meat, alcohol or stimulants • Asians o Value college education, high respect for doctors o Decreased eye contact o “yes” or head nod as courtesy, not necessarily understanding (Do teach back) o elderly held in high-esteem, taken care of, opinion valued o CYP enzyme for metabolism variable –drug dosages may need adjustment o Koreans – Han bang – balance of fire, earth, metal, water, wood; yin & yang o Filipino –timbang - balance • Vietnamese o May stop taking prescription when symptoms resolved o Believe blood loss (lab tests or surgery) worsens health o Western medicine may put body out of balance o Relies on younger family members for medical decisions • Buddhist o Good deeds =good health (and vice versa) –Karma o Reincarnation/rebirth o Meditation – may refuse meds that alter consciousness • Traditional Chinese medicine o Life energy (Chi or qi) imbalance is cause of disease o Yin (female), yang (female) o Acupuncture & cupping correct energy imbalance o Cupping/coining – bruising on back- ask parents before reporting abuse • Hindus o Spiritual purity – remove shoes indoors, purify plate by sprinkling water around it o Talisman –do not cut/remove o No meat (esp beef/pork) • Muslims o Modesty –“modified physical exam” for women o Prefer same gender provider, man stays with female pt o Ramadan- 30 days of fasting (Food/fluids) – Schedule PO meds after sunset (or change to ER, decrease frequency) • Jehovah’s Witness o Refuse to accept donated blood, stored blood or own blood BUT will accept non- blood plasma expanders and blood components without RBCs (albumin, cryoprecipitate, clotting factors, immunoglobulins) • Jews o May prefer male provider o Sabbath – sundown Friday to sundown Saturday (may not use electronics or drive car) o Kosher diet • 7th Day Adventist o Vegetarian. NO alcohol, tobacco or caffeine. o Body is temple o Same Sabbath as jews • Amish/Mennonites o Don’t participate in Medicare or social security or go to war o Community pays for health care, no health insurance o Need permission from church elder for surgery or expensive test o Prefer giving birth/dying at home o Higher risk of certain genetic diseases: Maple syrup urine disease, Crigler-Najjar Syndrome, Dwarfism, Cystic Fibrosis Leadership Styles • Situational –during catastrophe, flexible, fits need at certain time • Transformational –communicates vision, charismatic • Laissez-faire—do nothing, no supervision/direction • Authoritarian—dictate, control, rules • Democratic—organize meetings, shared decision-making • Servant—relationships, work alongside of staff, allows staff to make decisions SMART goals – for both management and patient-centered care • Specific (clear & precise) • Measurable (able to be evaluated) • Appropriate (consistent with goal/priorities) • Reasonable (realistically achievable) • Time frame Evidence-Based Project ASK (PICOT Question – Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time Frame) ACQUIRE –find articles, research APPRAISE – choose articles with most pertinent info (i.e. summary review) APPLY – put into practice EVALUATE Billing Documentation • CPT –procedure code • ICD-10 –diagnostic code • E&M (Evaluation & Management)- Requires documentation to get reimbursement o (1) History, (2) Physical, (3) Medical-decision making (plan of care) o Problem-focused visit: CC, HPI, no ROS required • New Patient- Not seen by this provider (or other provider in same system) for 3 YEARS • “Incident to” billing- for Medicare patients – billing of a follow-up visit performed by non-physician provider under physician’s NPI number (NP paid 100% vs normal 85%) Ombudsman • An intermediary (or liason) between pt and organization (LTC facilities, hospitals, govt agency, court) • Investigates/mediates complaint from both sides and attempts to reach fair conclusion Guardian Ad Litem: individual assigned by court (legal authority) to act in best interest of the ward (child, or frail/vulnerable person) TPA (third-party administrator)– organization that does the processing of insurance claims and administrative work for another company (health insurer, health plan, retirement plan) Patient-Centered Medical Home • Patient- centered primary care, most needs taken care of in home setting • Patient & Family – important members of health care team, care coordination • 24/7 access to member of team by phone, video or email Hospice Eligibility • Terminal condition, less than 6 months to live (verified by 2 physicians, NOT NP) • Rapidly declining/worsening of symptoms • Needs assistance with more than 2 ADLs • Patient accepts palliative care, not curative care (not eligible if refusing!) *Covered by Medicare A* Human Genetic Symbols • Healthy Male – Empty Square • Diseased Male – Filled Square • Death of Male –Square with diagonal line • Health Female- Empty Circle • Diseased Female – Filled Circle • Death of Female – Circle with diagonal line Health Literacy: degree to which individuals have capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions Vulnerable Populations • Infants/children 18 y/o • Pregnant women/fetuses • Prisoners • Persons with mental disabilities • Persons who are economically disadvantaged • LGBT Consent = only for over 18 y/o or emancipated minor Assent = Age 7-17 y/o agree to participate in study and can withdraw from study after discussing with parents Health Belief Model (HBM): Individuals motivated to take positive health actions, want to avoid negative health consequences • Perceived susceptibility- guest speaker with disease influences opinion of risk • Perceived barriers to action –brainstorm about tangible and psychological costs • Perceived health benefits -Clearly present desired action (provide info) • Self-efficacy – one’s ability to take action • Cue to action (give incentive items like key chains, posters to raise awareness) Healthy People 2020 • Initiative with evidence-based objectives to be followed over a 10-year period to measure biological, social, environmental and interrelational factors o General health status o Health-related quality of life & well-being o Determinates of health - aim to create social & physical environments that promote good health for all o Reduce health disparities • Increase use of social marketing in health promotion • Increased health literacy of general population • Increased number of persons who use electronic personal health management tools • Increase individuals access to internet • Increase satisfaction in provider communication skills • Increase proportion of quality, health related websites • Increase proportion of crisis and emergency risk messages of best practices of public health USPTF • Made up of volunteer experts with backgrounds in primary care and preventative medicine • Recommendations for clinical prevention services CDC goal: increase health security of US NIH: medical research Joint Commission • Establishes performance standards for hospitals to follow for accreditation • Holds organizations accountable for sentinel events • Implements the Core Measures program Endemic • Prevalence of disease in a population within a geographic area • Malaria is endemic to Africa, Asia, Latin America and middle east Epidemic • Increase in number of cases of a disease above what is expected for the population in that area • Outbreak- epidemic in a limited geographic area • Pandemic- epidemic that has spread over several countries/continents, affect large number of people Reportable to State Department of Health • 5 Diagnoses: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, HIV, TB • Criminal acts & injury from dangerous weapons • Animal bites • Suspected and/or actual child or elder abuse o Domestic violence NOT state reportable National Quality Strategy • Improve quality of health care o Better Care (patient safety, patient-centered, accessible) o Healthy People/Healthy Communities (address behavioral, social, environmental) o Affordable Care (easy access to quality care, reduced cost) Prevention • Primary –prevent disease/condition from occurring (healthy lifestyle, safety, immunizations) • Secondary –detect/treat existing disease/condition to decrease impact (Screening/testing) • Tertiary—provide treatment/rehab to decrease negative impact (support groups, rehab, education for those with disease) • Quaternary—lessen/avoid unnecessary/excessive interventions Examples: Teens/MVA • Prim- Restrictions on adolescent drivers to prevent MVAs • Sec- Counsel adolescents to wear seatbelts to decrease severity of injuries • Tert- provide first aid at scene of MVA • Quat – avoid unnecessary narcotic prescriptions for those injured HIV • Prim- increase condom use, decrease risky behaviors • Sec- HIV screening (early detection) • Tert- decrease viral load to improve management of existing disease ASA • Prim- ASA prophylaxis for at risk individuals • Sec- ASA daily for pt with history of MI/TIA/CVA in past • Tert- Treat person after MI w/ASA Immunization Principles • Community (Herd)- given to those who can, in order to protect those who can’t • Active – resistance in response to antigen (infection or vaccine) • Passive- by antibody produced in another host (infant of immune mom, immunoglobulin) National Institute of Medicine Quality Aims • Patient safety –care as safe in facility as it is in home • Patient centeredness – respect patient preferences, pt in control • Effectiveness –evidence based standards of care • Efficiency –cost-effective, not wasteful • Timeliness –no delays • Equity –equal treatment for all Prescriptions for Controlled Substances – must include the following: 1. date of issue 2. patient’s name & address 3. practitioner’s name, address & DEA 4. drug name, dosage form, quantity, direction for use 5. # or refills 6. manual signature **prescriptions for scheduled II controlled substances may be telephoned to pharmacy but must be followed up with a written prescription within 7 days** Prescriptions for schedule III-V may be written, oral or transmitted by fax. Screening • Breast CA o 50-74 y/o q2yrs o ACOG recommends start at 40 if risk factors • Cervical CA o Start at 21 y/o q3yrs o Age 30-65 –PAP q3yrs or HPV co-testing q5yrs o If hysterectomy w/cervix removed- STOP screening unless hx of cervical CA • Colorectal CA o 50-75 y/o ▪ FOBT x3 annually ▪ Flexible Sigmoidoscopy/CT colonography q5 yrs ▪ Colonoscopy q10 yrs (if normal) • Lung CA o No ROUTINE screening o LDCT (low-dose CT) annually if 55-80 y/o smokers 30 pack years or quit w/in 15 years (stop screening after quit 15 years ago) • Prostate CA o No ROUTINE screening o High Risk (African ancestry, 1st Degree relative w/hx) – screen at age 40 o Average risk screen at 55-69 with PSA and DRE ▪ PSA 2.5, q2yrs ▪ PSA 2.5, q1yr • Ovarian CA o No ROUTINE screening o Screen w/Transvaginal US + CA-125 test if risk factors: BRCA gene, 1st degree relative w/breast CA (esp Ashkenazi Jews) • Osteoporosis o All women 65 y/o o Women 65 y/o with risk factors (low BMI, smoking, inadequate Ca, chronic steroids) o DXA q2-5yrs or q1-2 year if treating • Lipids o Start at 20 y/o -FLP q5yrs if 200 o Over 40 y/o – q2-3yrs (if 200) o Annually (or more) if 200 (more frequent if titrating med dosages) • Newborn screening in all states – related to intellectual disability o PKU (Phenylalanine) o Congenital hypothyroidism –TSH or T4 • AAA o 65-75 y/o history of smoking o ABD US x1 Cytochrome P450 System • Asians metabolize differently (may need dosage adjustments) • GMACC (Grapefruit, Macrolide, Antifungals, Cimetidine, Citalopram) • If 2 drugs metabolized with this system (eg Theophylline & Clarithromycin) – may slow metabolism so check levels US Health Statistics • Mortality (leading cause of death): (1) Heart disease (2) Cancer (3) COPD • Cancer Mortality: *Lung cancer o Men: Lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer o Women: Lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer • Adolescent Deaths: (1) Accidents/MVAs (2) Suicide (3) Homicide • Most common cancer: Skin cancer o Men- prostate o Women- breast • Most common skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma o Majority of skin cancer deaths: melanoma • Most common cancer in children: ALL Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever • Onset: Flu-like THEN 2-5 days -rash (petechiae) starts on hands/feet to trunk (palmar rash) • Dog/wood tick bite: remove tick by grasping closest to skin and apply steady upward pressure • Think rocky NC/OK/AK/TN/MO, south-east/central US, Apr-Sept. • DX: PCR: Rickessetti Antigen, punch biopsy, CBC/LFT/CSF • TX- Doxycycline (fatal if not started within 8 days) Erythema Migrans (Lyme Disease) • Stages o 1: Flu-like symptoms, Target bulls-eye (red rash, central clearing), usually appears in 7-14 days POST after deer tick bite. o 2: H/A, joint stiffness, heart symptoms/heart block, Bell’s Palsy o 3: Joint pain 1 year after infection, encephalopathy • Northeast, central US • DX: Borella Burgdorferi via ELISA, then confirm with western blot. Increased ESR. • TX: 7 y/o - Amoxicillin or cefuroxime 7y/o – Doxycycline (stains kids teeth) Melanoma- ABCDE • Asymmetry • Border Irregularity • Color change (Brown, black) • Diameter 6mm • Evolving/Elevated TX: DON’T BIOPSY! Send to Derm. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (NO SUN) • Nodular (or papule/plaque) • Opaque • Sun-exposed, lips in smokers • Ulcerating, hyperkeratotic, bleed easily • Non-distinct borders DX: Punch Biopsy TX: Mohs Procedure Basal Cell Carcinoma (PUT ON) • Pearly papule, WAXY • Ulcerating • TELANGECTASIS • On the face, scalp, pinna • Nodules, slow-growing, dome *on fair skin DX: Shave (excisional) biopsy Actinic Keratosis- • Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. • Pink/red round lesions, rough/scaly. Does not heal. Slow growing in sun exposed areas. • Diagnosis: BIOPSY-Golden Standard. • Treatment: Sm. (cryotherapy), Lrg. (5-FU cream)- causes skin to ooze, crust, scab Seborrheic Keratosis- soft round wart light tan to black pasted on. Asymptomatic and benign. Stevens Johnson Syndrome- • Classic is target or bulls-eye. • Abrupt hives, blisters, petechiae, purpura, necrosis, sloughing of tissues. Prodrome: flu- like symptoms • Triggers: Allopurinol, anticonvulsants, pcn, sulfonamides, NSAIDS. HIV ppl have higher risk for this syndrome. Psoriasis- • Pruritic erythematous plaques, fine silvery-white scales with pitted fingernails. • Koebner phenomenon- new psoriatic plaques form over skin trauma • Auspitz sign- pinpoint bleeding when plaques are removed • TX: Topical steroids, Topical retinoids, Tar preps, UVB lights. For (severe) do anti-TNF, or immunologic. • Psoriatic arthritis (painful/red/swollen joints) Acanthosis Nigricans • Velvety hyper pigmented patches most common on back of neck or skin folds • DM resistance – check fasting blood glucose Scabies • Itching at bedtime, linear lesions, webs of fingers/toes, bikini line • TX: Permethrin cream, treat everyone wash sheets and everything else in hot water. Atopic Dermatitis (eczema)- • Extremely itchy. On flexural folds, neck, hands. Increased IgE (atopy, asthma) • Vesicles that rupture leaving painful, bright-red, weepy lesions, they become lichenified from itching. • TX: (1) Lubricants, hydrating cool baths, (2) Topical Steroids, (3) PO antihistamines o Mild – Hydrocortisone o Med- Triamcinolone o High- Clobetasol Tinea Corporis- • “ring like itchy rash, slowly enlarge central clearing” • Treatment: most respond to topical antifungals (“azole), if severe do oral Lamisil. Tinea Versicolor • Hypopigmented macules on chest/shoulders/back after tan • KOH slide: “spaghetti and meatballs” –hyphae & spores • TX: topical selenium sulfide, Ketoconazole, oral antifungals Cellulitis- • Deep dermis, poorly demarcated, low legs. • Complications: DVT, DM with cellulitis, osteomyelitis, sepsis • MRSA TX: (ABCD) MRS A Bactrim –unless sulfa allergy Clindamycin Doxycycline Erysipelas • Group A strep, Upper dermis, indurated with clear demarcated, cheeks, shins. • TX:- Keflex or Dicloxacillin (PCN allergy: Macrolide) • Folliculitis  topical bactroban • Abscess, furuncle, carbuncle  I&D, warm compress to drain Molloscum Contagiosum • Pox virus, pearly white plug, dome shaped. Highly contagious. Varicella/Zoster • Contagious 1-2d before, until all lesions crusted over • Chicken Pox: Pruritic vesicular lesions begin at head, spread to trunk; vesicles crust over. • Shingles: vesicular lesions at various stages along dermatome • TX: supportive, antihistamines, Acyclovir (10d initial, 7d for flare ups) • Post-herpetic neuralgia: TCA, anticonvulsant, gabapentin, lidocaine or capsaicin cream Acne Vulgaris- • Mild (topicals only) o Comedones with small papules. o TX: Retin-A, if no improvement in 3 months, add erythromycin, benzoyl peroxide. • Moderate (topicals plus antibiotics) o Papules, pustules w/comedones. o TX: Continue with topicals combined with topical antibiotics. Then add ORAL antibiotics tetra, mino, doxy. • Severe- o Painful indurated nodule, cysts, abscesses, pustules. o TX: Accutane- check LFTs, 2 forms of contraceptives, monthly preg testing, only prescribe 1 month supply. Acne Rosacea- • Chronic small acne like papules/pustules around nose mouth chin. • TX- Metrogel, Azelex. Low dose tetracycline. Impetigo • Non-bullous – macule then pustule with honey-crusted exudate  Bactroban • Bullous-large blisters  Severe- Keflex, dicloxacillin (PCN Allergic-Macrolide • No school until 48-72 hr after tx initiation. Scarlet fever (Scarlantina) • “sandpaper textured-pink rash with sore throat” strawberry tongue, rash starts on head and neck, spreads to trunk. The skin THEN desquamates. Lichen Planus • Small flat topped, red to purple bumps that may have white scales/flakes. • Wichams striae: whispy grey white streaks. • Causes: Hep C, medications, contact with chemicals. Spider bite • Bite area becomes swollen, red, and tender, and blisters appear within 24-48 hours. Necrotic in center, which kills the tissue. • TX: Ice packs to wound and cold inactivates the toxin, tx like cellulitis of the skin, abx ointment at first, watch etc. Dog Bite • Irrigate w/100-200ml high pressure saline per inch of wound (iodine/saline mix if suspect rabies, hepatitis, HIV risk) • DO NOT SUTURE IF: deep puncture wounds, lac 1.5cm, wounds 24hr post-bite, wounds to hand (esp joint) • DOG-mentin = Augmentin Pityriasis rosea • Itchy, herald patch, xmas tree pattern, rash hands soles/feet • Think to test for secondary syphilis (RPR then VDRL are screening, then dx FTA-ABS) • TX: reassure, self-limiting, several weeks Burns • First-degree (superficial) – only epidermis – dry & erythematous • Second-degree (superficial partial thickness) – epidermis – wet with blisters • Third-degree (full thickness)—epidermis & dermis – pale & white • Rule of 9s o 9% Head, Chest, Abdomen, Arm o 18% Back, Leg o 1% Genitals, each palm Topical Med Strength • Lotion Creams Gels Ointment (gentle  strongest, most absorbent) Vision Testing • VISION 20/20 BY 6 YEARS OLD • Snellen – Central Vision o Abnormal if 2-line difference between eyes o 20/60 means (20 is distance standing from chart, 60 is pt with normal vision can see from this far) • Peripheral –confrontation, visual fields, check for scotoma (blind spots) • Color -Ishihara • Legal Blindness : corrected vision 20/200, Visual field 20 degrees (tunnel vision) Herpes keratitis • fluorescein dye “fern like” • CN V (Trigeminal), Abrupt onset of pain, photophobia, blurred vision • TX: acyclovir • Herpes zoster ophtalmicus can lead to corneal blindness if not treated Corneal Abrasions • Fluorescein dye- Round/Irregular Acute Angle-closure glaucoma • Acute/severe pain, h/a, n/v, halos, conjunctival injection, tearing • Cupping optic disc (normal cup:disc ratio 0.5), fixed, dilated cloudy oval pupil -sluggish • Sudden increase IOP (22), blocked drainage of aqueous humor • ER STAT Primary Open Angle Glaucoma- • CN2 gradual changes in peripheral vision LOST FIRST, then second central vision. • TX: Eye drops (beta blocker and prostaglandin), Refer to ED if IOP 30 Cataracts • Elderly- night vision issues, extreme glare. Opaque lens. Absent red reflex. • Most common cause of blindness in developing countries • TX: cataract surgery with IOL –intraocular lens implantation Age-Related Macular Degeneration • Painless loss of “central vision” reports straight lines appear curved • Most common cause of blindness in US • DX: Amsler grid • Have large-print material for reading Retinal Detachment • Floaters, curtain, flashes of light. Painless. Cholesteatoma • Cauliflower mass in ear, foul-smell, painless drainage, can’t see TM, hearing loss. • If erodes bones in face affects CN VII. TX: SURGERY Battle sign • Raccoon eyes, mastoid bruising 2-3d after trauma –basilar skull fracture/ICH • Clear/golden discharge from nose/ears – check for glucose (+ in CSF) Aphthous stomatitis (Canker sores) • painful shallow ulcers heal 7-10 days. • TX: Magic mouthwash. Papilledema- • optic disc swollen w/ blurred edges • due to increased ICP (htn or cranial bleed) Hypertensive Retinopathy • Copper/silver wire arterioles • AV nicking (mild retinopathy) (artery crosses vein & nicks it) o Veins in eye larger & darker than arteries, and pulsate! (Different from rest of vessels in body) • Retinal Hemorrhages – hard exudates Diabetic Retinopathy • Cotton wool spots (moderate retinopathy) –fluffy soft white/yellow patches • Micro-aneurysms • Also retinal flame hemorrhages –orange/red KOplick Spots • Clusters of small papules w/white centers in the buccal mucosa by lower molars • RubeOlla: Fever, 3C: conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, Morbiliform rash. Hordeolum (stye) • Painful swollen red warm abscess- clogged sebaceous gland (hair follicle) • TX: hot compress. Abx drops if preseptal cellulitis: erythromycin Chalazion • Clogged Meibomian gland (Sweat gland) • May resolve spontaneously. TX refer to optho for I&D (NO ABX) Blepharitis • Red/inflamed eyelid, Crusting, gritty sensation • TX: with warm compress, wash with baby shampoo and sometimes topical abx (sulfacetimide eye gtts -Bleph-10) Allergic Conjunctivitis • “stringy; increased tearing” Type I sensitivity. Typically, bilateral. Rhinitis and allergic shiner • TX: PO antihistamines. Bacterial Conjunctivitis • Red, irritated eyelids, stuck together, injected conjunctiva, common cause: adenovirus • TX: Polymyxin + trimethoprim (Polytrim), levofloxacin, azithromycin gtts Xanthelasmas • Raised, yellowish plaques under brow/lids. Sign of hyperlipidemia. Acute Otitis Media (suppurative otitis media) • Middle ear. Usually Strep. pneumo. (others: h influ, m. catarrhalis) • TM bulging/retracted, erythematous, opaque (displaced/absent light reflex), decreased mobility (flat tympanogram) • TM can rupture blood and pus on pillow on awakening with relief of ear pain • TX: Amoxicillin (first line), If no response 48-72hr, then Augmentin, Cefdinir, Levaquin • Weber- Lateralization to bad ear. Rinne- BCAC • Bullous myringits- blisters on TM – treat like AOM Otitis Media with Effusion (serous otitis media) • Ear pressure, popping, muffled hearing, chronic allergic rhinitis, sterile serious fluid is trapped in the middle ear (can last 8 weeks post AOM). Usually painless. • TM should NOT BE RED. TM may bulge or retract. • TX: Oral decongestants, steroid nasal spray, treat like allergies. Otitis Externa (swimmers ear) • Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (other- S. aureus). • External ear pain, itching, hearing loss, pain with palpation of tragus, green discharge • TX: Corticosporin, Ciprodex otic drops Presbycusis • inner ear. Symmetrical progressive. Human speech lost first. Aging adult. • Lose high-pitched hearing. Especially in noisy environment. Rinne • 1st mastoid, 2nd front of ear- time each area. CN VIII (acoustic) • Conductive = BCAC (Hear behind blockage) • Sensorineural = ACBC (nerve damaged at mastoid area) Weber • Tuning fork midline top of head, normal to not lateralize (heard equally) • CN VIII (acoustic) • Conductive = Lateralize to bad ear (BC = Bad Conduction) • Sensorineural =Lateralization to good ear (where nerve still intact) Anthrax • Animals/hides/hair/wool. Bioterrorism. • Lesions begin as papule that enlarges quick 24-48h develops necrosis and ulceration (like a spider bite) • Treatment: Doxy, Cipro, Levaquin. If you suspect BIOTERRORISM treat 60 d. • Prophylaxis – Cipro, doxy. If BIOTERRORISM 60 d. Meniere’s disease • VERTIGO, TINNITUS, HEARING LOSS. • BBPV DX: Dix Hallpike, TX: Epley’s Maneuver - Nystagmus should be horizontal (if vertical, check EOMs and refer) Rhinosinusitis • Unilateral facial pain or upper molar pain, *worse with bending over, *purulent nasal discharge, s/s over 10 days • Transillumination- infected sinus dull • TX: Augmentin (if already watched/waited 10 days) o PCN allergic: Levofloxacin or Doxycycline (Hx anaphylaxis) or Cefdinir (Hx rash) • Complications: mastoiditis, periorbital cellulitis (bulging eye and abnormal EOMS, refer!), meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis Allergic Rhinitis • Blue-tinged or pale, boggy nasal turbinates • TX: 1st- topical steroid nasal spray (triamcinolone nasal spray – Nasacort), 2nd PO decongestants, antihistamines, cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer) Expistaxis • Kisselbach’s plexus- anterior nose bleeds, less severe than posterior nose bleed • TX: nasal decongestants (afrin), silver nitrate Pharyngitis • 50% Viral – cough and cold-like symptoms (clear rhinitis, coryza); other: allergies (post- nasal drip), GERD, smoking, dry air • CENTOR criteria – Group A Strep o Absence of cough o + Anterior cervical nodes swollen/tender o Fever 100.4 o Tonsillar exudates • Screen w/RADT and/or Throat C&S if Centor3 • TX: Penicillin VK x10d (if PCN allergic- Macrolide) • Complications o Scarlet fever: sandpaper rash, strawberry tongue, desquamation o Sinusitis o Peritonsillar/retropharyngeal abscess (displaced uvula, bulging mass, odynophagia-painful swallowing, “hot potato voice”) o Acute rheumatic fever (heart valves, joints, brain inflammation) o Glomerulonephritis (abrupt proteinuria, hematuria, edema, RBC casts, HTN) MONO • Epstein Barr Virus – herpes family • s/s: FFPL (Fever, Fatigue, Pharyngitis, Lymphadenopathy-Posterior Cervical) • Enlarged spleen- hold activity until resolved (US) • DX o Monospot (aka heterophile antibody test) (positive 2-3 weeks in) o EBV titers o CBC: lymphocytosis, CMP: Increased ALT/AST Diphtheria • Bull neck (markedly swollen), contact precautions (very contagious!) • Grey/yellow pseudomembrane, hard to displace in throat Epiglottitis • “Thumb sign” –enlarged epiglottis protruding from anterior wall of hypopharynx • s/s: sore throat, fever, muffled voice, drooling, stridor, hoarseness • life-threatening medical emergency ER stat Sialolithiaisis • painful lump usually in sub mandibular gland (aka whartons duct), Hurts more with eating (by jaw) • Aka calculi or salivary stones MI/Angina • Atypical: SOB, dyspnea, weakness, n/v, fatigue, syncope. Back pain. • Nitrates for chronic angina- need 12 hour nitrate free period daily (prevent tolerance) Murmurs • MR Peyton Manning AS MVP =SYSTOLIC o MR = Mitral Regurgitation  radiates to axilla o PM = Physiologic Murmur o AS = Aortic Stenosis  radiates to neck o MVP = Mitral Valve Prolapse (aka mitral valve regurg) (mid-systolic “click”) o Only systolic murmurs radiate (radiate where they are closest to) • ARMS =DIASTOLIC o AR = Aortic Regurgitation (high-pitched blowing, early diastole) o MS = Mitral Stenosis (low rumbling mid-late diastole) o All diastolic murmurs are pathological. • Grade IV –first time thrill • Pathologic if associated symptoms: CP, SOB, cyanosis, exercise intolerance, palpitations, BP changes, thrill present Heart sounds • S1- (MoTivAted –Mitral, Tricuspid, AV valve closure)- Apex, 5th ICS, mid-clavicular • S2- (ApPleS- Aortic, Pulmonic, Semilunar valve closure)- Base, 2nd ICS, R sternal border • Benign split s2- pulmonic. Normal during inspiration disappears with expiration (If fixed, ASD – pathologic) • S3- DILATED - HF, pregnancy, 35, athletes Kentucky, early diastole • S4- STIFF- LVH, post-MI, elderly, Tennessee, late diastole. “Atrial kick/gallop” Hypokalemia –EKG • Flattened T waves, ST depression, “u” waves, tachyarrhthmias, ventricular ectopic beats • Hyper =Peaked Ts Aspirin • Age 50-59 with 10% ASCVD • Diabetics with increased risk of CVD o Men 50 o Women 60 + additional risk factor (smoking, HTN, dyslipidemia, albuminuria, family hx of premature CVD) Heart Block • 1st Degree –prolonged PR interval 0.2sec (IF R is far from P, first degree) • 2nd Degree, Type I (Wenkebach) – PR progressively longer until it drops (longer, longer, longer drop, now you have a Wenkebach) • 2nd Degree, Type II (Mobitz II) –PR constant but drops QRS periodically (If a QRS doesn’t get through, now you have a Mobitz II) • Third Degree – complete, no pattern between PR and QRS (If Ps and Qs don’t agree, then you have a third degree) HTN • Normal 120/80 • Goal o 60 y/o or with DM/CKD = 140/90 o Older 60y/o =150/90 • Confirm BP 1-4 weeks after initial visit (r/o white coat HTN) • After MI: Beta blocker • For DM/HTN (renal protection): ACE/ARB • Isolated systolic hypertension (elderly): CCB • African-American: Thiazide or CCB • Non-Black: Thiazide, CCB, ACEi/ARB • Causes heart burn: BB, CCB, alpha agonists HTN Meds • Thiazide diuretics –“ide” o No sulfa allergic pts o Causes High: glucose, uric acid, lipids o Causes low: K+, Na+, Mg o Good for osteoporosis/penia (decrease Ca+ loss & demineralization) • CCB –“pine” o Dihydropyridine (DHP- doesn’t hurt pulse): Nifedipine, Amlodipine o Non-dihyrdopyridine (lowers HR): Verapamil, Diltiazem o Avoid in HF (ankle edema, fluid retention) o Avoid in GERD (relaxes LES) • ACE/ARB-“pril” or “sartan” o Drug of choice for DM/HTN (renal protection) o AE: dry cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia • Beta Blockers- “lol” o Best for post-MI, migraine prophylaxis, glaucoma, tachycardia, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma o CI: Asthma/COPD (bronchospasm), brady, 2-3 heart block • Alpha 1 Blockers –“zosin” o First-Dose orthostatic hypotension o Give at bedtime at low-dose, titrate up slowly o Terazosin –for HTN + BPH, tamsulosin –BPH only • Loop Diuretics -furosemide o First line- Acute CHF o Decrease K+, Na+, Mg • Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist –spironolactone o K+-sparing o For: HTN, HF, Hirsutism, precocious puberty o SE: gynecomastia, galactorrhea, hyperkalemia, GI upset, postmenopausal bleeding, ED o Caution with ACEi –both increase K+ PAD/ PVD • Shiny, no hair, decreased peripheral pulses, cold, nocturnal pain • Pain relieved by dangling, rest • Intermittent claudication (calf pain with walking, relieved with rest) • DX: Initial: do a pulse check, Next: ABI 0.9. Definitive: Arteriography • TX: Try to develop collateral circulation. Otherwise- Trental, Pletal (antiplatelets) CVI • Impaired venous return. Discoloration, Edema after prolonged standing, stasis ulcers/dermatitis/weeping • Relieved by elevation • TX: compression stockings Bacterial Endocarditis • Fever, chills, malaise, petechiae on palate, new onset murmur. • Oslers nodes- violet colored nodes on the fingers or feet. • Janeway lesions- non-tender red spots on the palms/soles. • Subungual hemorrhages – splinter on nail bed • Roth spots –red circles with white center—retinal hemorrhages –fundoscopic exam • Prophylaxis for dental procedures & invasive procedures of respiratory tract if o Hx of bacterial endocarditis, prosthetic valves, congenital heart disease, cardiac transplant. o 1 hour pre-procedure: Amoxicillin (PCN allergic: Clinda, Clarithro, Keflex) • Antibiotic prophylaxis is NOT recommended for MVP or GI/GU procedures unless infection present Hyperlipidemia • FLP o Total Cholesterol 200 (High =240) o HDL 40 (males), 50 (females) TX: statin, niacin, increase aerobic exercise o LDL 100 (70 if DM/CVD) (Treat 190, or 70-189 in DM/CVD) o Triglycerides 150 (500 treat first to avoid pancreatitis then treat LDL) TX: Niacin, fibrate, high-dose fish oil (caused by ETOH, high BG/A1C) • High-Potency statin (lower 50%) – atorvastatin, rosuvastatin o Group 1: ASCVD (AtheroSclerotic CardioVascular Disease) o Group 2: LDL190, DM age 40-75 w/LDL 70-189 & ASCVD risk 7.5% • Moderate-Potency statin (lower 30-49%) –simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin) o Group 3: DM age 40-75 w/LDL 70-189 and ASCVD risk 7.5% o Group 4: Global 10 yr risk score 10% • Statins o AKA: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors o Drug interactions: grapefruit juice, fibrates, antifungals, macrolides, amiodarone, some CCBs o Combo w/Niacin or Fibrate  increased risk for rhabdo or drug-induced hepatitis • Niacin (Vit B3) o Take w/ASA after meal, decrease trigs in liver, increase HDL o SEs: flushing, itching, GI effects, hepatotoxicity • Fibrates o Don’t use with renal disease o SEs: dyspepsia, gallstones, myopathy • Fish Oil – prescription Lovaza • Bile Acid sequestrants (cholestyramine, welchol) –interfere with fat absoroption (including fat-soluble vitamins ADEK- so take multivitamin) Pulsus paradox • 10 or greater drop in the SYSTOLIC pressure with inspiration • Exacerbated by issues like status asthmaticus (acute heart/lung condition) • Apical pulse is audible even though radial pulse is no longer palpable Raynaud’s Phenomenon • Reversible vasospasm of peripheral arterioles of fingers/toes • RED (reperfusion), WHITE (pallor), BLUE (cyanosis) • Mostly females, autoimmune • TX: CCB (nifedipine or amlodipine) • Avoid cold, stimulants, smoking, vasoconstrictors (Imitrex, ergot, pseudoephedrine, decongestants, amphetamines, beta blockers) Heart Failure • Left-sided: LUNG (Crackles, rales, cough, wheezing, nocturnal dyspnea) • Right-sided: GI (enlarged spleen/liver, anorexia, nausea, abd pain), JVD, lower extremity edema, cool skin • Systolic : EF 40%, Diastolic: EF 40% • CXR: Increased heart size, interstitial/alveolar edema, pulmonary edema, Kerley B Lines (horizontal lines 2cm in lower lobes) • NYHA Classification (Class I-IV) *Class II = ordinary physical activity  fatigue, dyspnea • Meds that contribute to HF: CCB, Metoprolol, Thioglitazones, NSAIDs • TX: o Stable –ACEs or ARB o Initial/acute – Lasix o With decreased EF –Beta blocker (low-dose) o Sodium/fluid restriction Coarctation of Aorta • Screening: absent/delayed femoral pulse compared to brachial (bounding) OR Systolic BP higher in arms than in thighs (normal is opposite) (aorta narrows) • Asymptomatic if PDA, HF/shock once PDA closes • s/s: pale, irritable, dyspneic, diaphoretic • Order: Echo, EKG, CXR Carotid Stenosis • Blockage of Left Carotid- contralateral motor changes  weakness of right leg Coumadin • Bactrim increases effect (Inc INR), Rifampin decreases effect (Dec INR) • Therapeutic INR for Afib 2-3, for synthetic/prosthetic valve 2.5-3.5 • If INR high but 5, no bleeding: skip next dose and/or dec maintenance dose; check in 1 week • If INR 5-9, no bleeding: hold 1-2 doses, Vitamin K, check INR q2-3 days until stable • Vitamin K foods: greens (kale, collar, mustard, spinach, lettuce, Brussel sprouts), potatoes COPD • Treatment: o CAT A (Gold 1-2 Min s/s, Low Risk exacerbation)- SABA or SAMA o CAT B (Gold 1-2 More s/s, low risk) -LAMA or LABA. May use SABA for rescue o CAT C (Gold 3-4 Min s/s, high risk) LAMA first line. Can add LABA + ICS. o CAT D (Gold 3-4 More s/s, high risk)- same as previous + refer to pulm • Types of meds o SABA- Albuterol, levoalbuterol (“terol”) o LABA- Formeterol, salmeterol (“terol”) o SAMA- Ipatropium (Atrovent) (“tropium”) o LAMA- Tiotropium (Spiriva-) (“tropium”) ▪ Anticholinergic: Can’t see, pee, spit, shit ▪ Caution w/ glaucoma, BPH, bladder obstruction • Only treatment to prolong life is OXYGEN--optimal for 15h/day • FEV1 goal 70% • Lungs- Percussion-HYPERENNOSANCE, decreased tactile frem + egophony • CXR- flattened diaphragms with hyperinflation. Increased AP diameter (1:1) • s/s use Accessory muscles, pursed-lip breathing, weight loss • Hypercapnia- causes greatest increase in respiration Asthma • Stages o Intermittent (FEV1 80%, 2d/wk, 2n/mo)- SABA prn o Mild persistent (FEV1 80%, 2d/wk, 3-4n/mo)- SABA, Low dose ICS *Altern. Cromolyn, theophylline. o Mod Persistent (FEV1 60-80%, DAILY, 1x/wk)- SABA, Low dose ICS + LABA OR Medium dose ICS. o Severe- (FEV1 60%, Throughout the day, nightly)- SABA, Med ICS + LABA. o Children 4: Add leukotriene receptor antagonist – Montelukast (singulair) • Always think first line treatment for asthma is some type of SABA, and ICS. If ICS is low dose, next step is increase dose. • SABA w/caution if cardiac (HTN, angina, hyperthyroidism) • In asthma, can’t use LABA alone! • DX: Spirometry • Peak expiratory flow based on HAG (Height, Age, Gender) o Green 80-100 - Maintain o Yellow 50-80 - Increase maintenance o Red 50 - SABA or 911 Acute Bacterial Pneumonia • DRSP (Drug Resistant Strep Pneumo) –older/high risk  Levaquin (Alt: Avelox) o High risk: age 65, comorbidities (DM), recent abx within last 3 months, alcoholics, immunocompromised, exposure to kids in day care • Peds DRSP  High-dose Amoxicillin (90mg/kg) • CAP  Macrolide (Azithro, Clarithro) OR Doxycycline o Atypical Pathogens: Mycoplasma & Chlamydia Pneumoniae, H influ (COPD) • Bacterial Bronchitis/Pertussis  Macrolide (Alt: Doxy, Bactrim) • DX: Gold Standard is CXR: right middle lobe, lower lobes • Percussion: Consolidation  Dull, Normal  Resonance o Increase tactile fremitus (99), Egophony (eee= ahh) o Normal Lung sounds: Upper = bronchial, Lower = vesicular CURB-65 (criteria for hospital admission for pneumonia) If 1pt. hospitalize. • Confusion • Urea, BUN 19.6 • Respiration 30 • BP 90/60 • 65 years of age or older Pertussis • Paroxysmal cough 2 weeks, 3 stages of cough o Catarrhal- mild o Paroxysmal – severe, inspiratory “whoop”, emesis o Convalescent- resolution • Bordatella pertussis – gram neg  TX: Macrolide , resp/droplet precautions • DX: PCR (nasal swab), ELISA (pertussis antibodies), CXR neg, CBC (increased WBCs) Tuberculosis • TX: Never do fewer than 3-4 drugs initially if positive, then u can narrow it down. Latent TB usually treated with INH. • DEFINITIVE DX: SPUTUM FOR C & S x 3 consecutive days (deep morning cough) • CXR: upper lobes. Cavitations or Big black holes. • Mantouix skin test o 5mm- immunocompromised (HIV), close contact to infected o 10 - Immigrants, worker (jail, health care), IV drug users o 15 no risks Hypothyroidism • Normal TSH 0.5-5 • High TSH (5), low Free T4/T3 (unless subclinical) • s/s: weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, menstrual abnormalities, alopecia • Hashimotos (autoimmune): Diagnose with TPO antibodies • TX: Synthroid o Check TSH in 6-8 weeks to see if meds working o Start elderly at low dose (25mcg) due to cardiac side effects (afib, palpitations) Hyperthyroid • Low TSH (0.5), high “FREE” T4/T3. ALWAYS DO FREEs. • Graves disease-autoimmune, toxic adenoma, high dose amiodarone • s/s: Lid lag, exophthalmos, weight loss, irritability/anxious, hyperactivity, insomnia, sweaty, diarrhea, heat intolerance, fine tremors, brisk DTRs, goiter • TX: PTU/Tapazole. PTU PREFERRED IN PREGNANCY o RAIU-no w/ prego. Destroys thyroid, lifelong treatment for hypo then. Parathyroid gland • PTH is responsible for calcium loss or gain from bones, kidneys, and GI tract. • Hyper  hypercalcemia (released from bones). TX: bisphosphonates Diabetes • A1C Goals o Type 1/Pregnant 6 o Type 2 7 o Elderly 8 • Type 2 DM Diagnosis o A1C 6.5 o FBG 126 o 2h GTT 200 (Pregnancy & PCOS only) o Random 200 o Confirm A1C/FBG by repeat testing unless there is no other reason for hypoglycemia • Prediabetes = A1C 5.7-6.4% and FBG 100-126 • Screening o Annually for BMI 25 + 1 or more DM risk factors o Q3yrs 45 y/o (unless abnormal, then more often) • Management o “Initial” – Lifestyle modifications o First line- Metformin (Biguanide) – max 2000mg/day ▪ Decrease hepatic glucose production & intestinal absorption ▪ OK in pregnancy, dec A1C 1-2%, NO hypoglycemia risk ▪ SE: diarrhea, flatulence, nausea ▪ Contraindications: active liver disease (Hep C), HF stage 2+, alcoholic, acidosis, GFR 45 o Thiazolidinones (TZDs) –Actos, Avandia ▪ Dec A1C 0.7%, No hypoglycemia risk ▪ AVOID IN HF (increase edema), monitor ALT (liver toxicity) o Sulfonylurea –Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimiperide ▪ Beta cells increase insulin secretion (hypoglycemia risk) ▪ Dec A1C 1-2%, cause wt gain o DDP4 Inhibitors – Januvia, Onglyza, Tradjenta ▪ Increase insulin release in response to post-prandial BG ▪ Expensive, no hypoglycemia, Dec A1C 0.6-1.4% o GLP1 Agonist –Byetta, Victoza, Trulicity ▪ Injections only, glucagon like peptide ▪ Dec A1C 1-1.5%, minimal hypoglycemia ▪ Wt loss (slows gastric emptying, decrease appetite- can’t use with gastroparesis) o SGL2 Inhibitors –Invokana, Farxiga, Jardiance ▪ Increase glucose excretion in urine (increase UTI risk) ▪ Hypoglycemia risk when combo with insulin or insulin secretors o START LANTUS IF A1C 9 or if on 2 orals and not controlled ▪ Initial 0.1-0.2 u/kg or 10 units ▪ Increase 2-4 units 1-2x/wk until FBG goal (70-130) ▪ Decrease 4 units if hypoglycemia o START REGULAR if still not controlled ▪ Before largest meal or with every meal • Complications o Microvascular ▪ Retinopathy (cataracts, blindness) ▪ Nephropathy (RF, check urine microalbumin) ▪ Neuropathy o Macrovascular ▪ CAD (Lipids, MI, HTN) ▪ PAD/CVI (foot ulcers, skin infections, amputation) ▪ Stroke o GYN/GU ▪ Balanitis (penis-candida) ▪ Vaginitis (candida) o Feet ▪ Charcot’s Foot/ankle (neuropathic arthropathy) ▪ Joint/bone dislocation, fracture, arch collapse • Meds that increase DM risk: glucocorticoids, HCTZ, atypical antipsychotics, statins • Goals o BP 130/80 –ACEs or ARB (renal protection) o LDL 100 –ASA 81mg if high risk CAD o A1C 7% o FBG 70-130 Somogyi Effect • Rebound hyperglycemia- severe nocturnal hypoglycemia (from too much PM insulin) causes hyperglycemia @7AM • TX: check BG @3AM for 1-2 weeks, decrease PM insulin or eat PM snack • More common in Type I Dawn phenomenon • Increased FBG early AM (d/t increased insulin resistance 4-8am) Cushings syndrome • s/s: Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, hirsutism, hypertension • Increased Cortisol  High BG, High Na+, Low K+ • DX: CORTISOL in AM. Addison’s • s/s: dark/patchy skin (look tan), salt cravings, sluggish, n/v/d, low BP • Deficient in cortisol  low Na+, low BG, high K+ • TX: Corticosteroid replacement (during crisis hydrocortisone inj + BP support) • DX: Plasma Cortisol 5 mcg/dl @ 0800AM, K+/Na+, ACTH Hyperprolactinemia • Gynecomastia, galactorrhea (lactating), may have amenorrhea, h/a, vision changes • *pituitary adenoma – r/o with MRI Pheochromocytoma • Adrenal tumor  secretes catecholamines  Increased BP • s/s: episodes of H/A, diaphoresis, tachycardia, HTN (normal VS in btwn episodes) Pancreatitis • DX: Amylase beings 2-12 h. Lipase 4-8 hours (lipase more specific for ETOH related) • ACUTE: Grey Turner (flank)/ Cullen (umbilical) sign –ecchymosis – retroperitoneal hemorrhage • s/s: Abd pain that radiates to midback, epigastric pain. Fever, n/v. • Increased risk with Trigs1000 • Pancreas secretes enzymes lipase, amylase, proteases. Digest protein, fat, and carbs. GERD • s/s: chronic cough, acid sour breath, sore throat, thinning tooth enamel • First line for mild/intermittent—lifestyle modifications • First line meds: H2 at bedtime (Zantac, Pepcid) for 6-8 weeks, if not effective do a PPI (prilosec, protonix, prevacid). Never d/c PPI abruptly (wean due to rebound) • Barretts – pre-cancerous. tx- PPI daily and H2 bedtime. • Refer to GI if PPI not working 8wks • PPI long-term AE: hip fx, pneumonia, Pyloric stenosis • Projectile non-bilious vomiting, olive like mass RUQ , 4-6 weeks, first-born male • DX: ultrasound will see a string • Differential include: GERD, milk protein intol. Intestinal obstruction. • TX: refer for surgery Intussusception • Sausage shaped mass. Currant jelly stool. • Bowels prolapse into another part of intestine. Barium enema can help to reduce this. • Previously healthy then they get sick. Usually before 2 years Hirschsprungs (Aganglionic Mega Colon) • More common in males, failure to pass meconium, jaundice, abd distention Colon cancer • “Ribbon- like stools”, tenesmus (incomplete sensation of defecation), rectal pain. • Iron-def anemia, rectal bleeding, hematochezia/melena, abd pain, wt loss, change in bowel habits (early stages- asymptomatic) Ulcerative Colitis • Only colon/rectum, bloody diarrhea w/ mucus, left lower abd pain • Arthritis of large joints, anemia, increase risk of colon CA, toxic Megacolon • Diff diagnosis: Pseudomonas colitis, Irritable bowel syndrome, dumping syndrome Crohn’s Disease • ALL of GI tract, watery diarrhea (ileus), bloody diarrhea (colon), periumbilical/RLQ pain, fistula formation and anal disease Diverticulitis • Acute abd (rebound, rovskings, board-like abd), LLQ pain, fever, bloody stools, anemia • TX: Outpatient – Cipro + Flagyl x10-14d; Inpatient if high fever, toxic, elderly, co-morbid illness, leukocytosis Encopresis • involuntary soiling of stool in kids 4 y. Caused by constipation. • TX: Behavior, training, laxatives Hepatitis • IgG =Gone (antibody after the infection is Gone) = IMMUNE • IGM= Minute (antibody you make the Minute you are infected) =ACUTE/CONTAGIOUS • Hep A = IgG Anti-HAV (immune). IgM Anti-HAV (acute). Both negative= needs vaccine. • Hep B: o HBsAg – surface antigen Infected (now/past) o anti-HBs- surface antibody  Immune (vaccine/disease) o anti-HBc- core antibody  Infection (current/past –NOT vaccine) o IgM anti-HBc  Acute HepB (6 months) o HbeAg (E=Everyday/chronic). • Hep C o Screening: Anti-HCV, add HCV RNA if exposure in the last 6 months o Biopsy of liver to check stage o Chronic –ALT elevated only • HEP D: Must have B to get D. • HBsAG + mom give baby Hep B and immunoglobulin. LFTS • AST – in liver, heart, muscle, kidney and lung • ALT – in LIVER • If both elevated… o ALT AST (L=Liver) – think hepatitis o ASTALT (AST= Acetaminophen, Statins, Tequila) ▪ 2 =ETOH abuse ▪ 1-2 =ETOH, liver disease ▪ 1 =NAFLD • GGT –liver abuse (ETOH) or acute pancreatitis • Albumin -liver • AlkPhos – BONE, liver, gallbladder, GI, Kidneys, placenta o Elevated during growth spurts, healing fractures, osteomalacia, bone malignancy, Vit D deficiency, Pagets, Bone CA o Elevated in pregnancy and kids o Elevated in biliary obstruction – cholecystitis Acute appendix • Positive psoas- flex hip 90, pt pushes against resistance  RLQ pain • Obturator –provider rotates hip  flexion causes RLQ pain • Rovsking –Deep palpation of LLQ  referred pain to RLQ pain • Rebound tenderness- pain worse on release of deep palpation • Markle Maneuvers- heel jar or jump in place  pain = acute peritonitis Zolinger-Ellison Syndrome • Gastrioma causes multiple ulcers. First line is PPI. • Screening : serum fasting gastrin level H. pylori negative ulcers • H2 blockers, PPIs • Stop: NSAIDs, alcohol, smoking, manage stress, bisphosphonates, CCB H. Pylori positive ulcers • Screen: H.pylori stool antigen or urea breath test (most specific to active infection, so check after tx) • DX: Upper GI with biopsy • Always do ABX for 14 days • Triple therapy: Biaxin, Flagyl OR Amoxicillin. With a PPI. • Quad: Pepto Bism, PPI, tetra, Flagyl UA/CULTURE • UTI/Pyelo = 10^5 WBC, Nitrites=E.coli, WBC casts • RBC casts = glomerulonephritis • TX: Uncomplicated – Macrobid, Complicated—Cipro • Complimentary therapy: Probiotic (acidophilus) • Any baby 2-24 months with UTI- do renal and bladder ultrasound for first febrile UTI • Contaminated = A sample with large amounts of epithelial cells and multiple bacteria • Stress incontinence- do Kegels 100x day (10x a day and 10 each time) • If G6PD deficiency  TX: Cefixime (suprax) (No macrobid, pyridium, Bactrim) Dementia • Alzheimer’s most common (50%), then vascular d/t CVA (20%), then Parkinsons (5%) • Slow, progressive, insidious, memory loss (esp recent) • 3As o Apraxia –unable to perform previously learned tasks (ADLs) o Agnosia- unable to recognize objects/face/places/voices o Amnesia- memory loss • MMSE 24 Dementia (0-30) • Korsakoff-Wernicke dementia- B1 (thiamine) deficiency • Parkinsons o Meyerson’s sign –forehead tapped, unable to resist blinking o s/s: resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, “pill-rolling”, difficulty initiating voluntary movement, slow/shuffling gait, postural instability o TX: 1st line is Levodopa (others: Mirapex, Selegiline-do not combine with SSRIs, Cogentin, amantadine) • Treatment o Slow decline w/ Vitamin E & Selegiline o Mild-Mod: Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne) o Advanced: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (Namenda) o Agitations: consider environmental, pain, depression. If not—risperidone. Delirium • Sudden, rapid changes, abrupt, hallucinations, speech changes, psychomotor changes • Cause: DELIRIUMS o Drugs o Emotional or Electrolyte (hyponatremia) o Low O2 o Infection o Retention –urine/stool OR Reduced sensory (blind/deaf) o Ictal (post-seizure) o Undernutrition (protein/calorie, B12/folate), dehydration o Metabolic OR MI o Subdural hematoma Elderly FAQs • Top leading causes of death 65 o Heart Disease (MI, HF, arrhythmia) o Cancer (#1 Lung, #2 Colon) o COPD • Meds to Avoid o Anticholinergic effects (TCAs, OAB meds, 1st gen antihistamines) ▪ Dry as a bone (Dry mouth/eyes), Red as a beet (flushing), Mad as a hatter (agitation), Hot as a hare (hyperthermia) ▪ Can’t see (blurred vision), can’t pee (urinary retention), can’t spit (dry mouth), can’t shit (constipation) o TCAs – risk of orthostatic hypotension o Risk of hyponatremia – SSRIs, Thiazides o Fluid retention - NSAIDs • ADLS: feed self, manage bowel/bladder elimina